Plastic Properties and Collapse Investigation of Fine-grained Soil Rehabilitated with Styrene Butadiene Rubber: A Case Study in Kerman, Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Qom University of Technology, Qom, Iran

3 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

Abstract

Collapsible soils pose significant challenges due to their open structure, which causes settlement when exposed to moisture. Failure to identify these soil types can lead to structural damage when they become saturated or experience changes in moisture content. The presence of such soils in various regions, including Iran, necessitates greater attention and investigation into their behavior and properties. This study examines the impact of butadiene rubber on the stabilization of these soils. Fine-grained soil samples were collected from two different sites in Kerman province (Kerman City). The samples were injected with 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7% butadiene rubber for stabilization periods of 4, 7, 14, and 28 days, resulting in a total of 72 tests. The stabilized soils were evaluated using a double consolidation test (ASTM D5333) on intact soil samples. The penetration of butadiene rubber and the resulting rubber columns reduced the degree of collapse. In all cases, the collapse was reduced by more than 88%. The highest reduction was observed with a 7% additive after 28 days of stabilization. Given the increasing use of intelligent systems in predicting the behavior of stabilized collapsible soils, a model was developed to predict the degree of collapse for samples stabilized with butadiene rubber using an adaptive network fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The accuracy of the model was evaluated, and it successfully predicted the collapse degree. Addition of styrene butadiene rubber additive in the tested soils led to a decrease in the plasticity index of clays with high liquid limits and an increase in the plasticity index of silts with low liquid limits. These changes varied depending on the mineral type. Subsequently, a model was developed to predict the plastic properties of the soil using a fuzzy inference system. The results demonstrate acceptable consistency between the training and prediction data (R2=0.93).

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Jennings, J., "The additional settlement of foundations due to a collapse of structure of sandy subsoils on wetting", in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on SMFE. Vol. 1, (1957), 316-319.
  2. Bell, F., "Engineering treatment of soils, CRC Press, (1993).
  3. Lutenegger, A.J. and Saber, R.T., "Determination of collapse potential of soils", Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, (1988), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10003J
  4. Alireza, S.G.S., Mohammad, M.S. and Hasan, B.M., "Application of nanomaterial to stabilize a weak soil", (2013).
  5. Ahmed, F., Atemimi, Y. and Ismail, M., "Evaluation the effects of styrene butadiene rubber addition as a new soil stabilizer on geotechnical properties", Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 18, (2013).
  6. Zhang, G., Germaine, J., Whittle, A. and Ladd, C., "Index properties of a highly weathered old alluvium", Geotechnique, Vol. 54, No. 7, (2004), 441-451. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2004.54.7.441
  7. Baghini, M.S., Ismail, A., Naseralavi, S.S. and Firoozi, A.A., "Performance evaluation of road base stabilized with styrene–butadiene copolymer latex and portland cement", International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 4, (2016), 321-336. doi: 10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.08.006.
  8. Jalali, S., Sakhi, M.A., Roghabadi, M.M., Hosseini, S.A. and Khajavi, R., "Collapsibility prediction of stabilized soil with styrene-butadiene rubber polymer using anfis", Tehnički Vjesnik, Vol. 29, No. 5, (2022), 1637-1644. https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20210528224934
  9. Zimbardo, M., Ercoli, L., Mistretta, M.C., Scaffaro, R. and Megna, B., "Collapsible intact soil stabilisation using non-aqueous polymeric vehicle", Engineering Geology, Vol. 264, (2020), 105334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105334
  10. Silveira, I.A. and Rodrigues, R.A., "Collapsible behavior of lateritic soil due to compacting conditions", International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 10, (2020), 1157-1166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-020-00523-6
  11. Ayadat, T., Hanna, A. and Etezad, M., "Failure process of stone columns in collapsible soils", (2008).
  12. Ayadat, T. and Hanna, A., "Assessement of soil collapse prediction methods", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications, Vol. 25, No. 1, (2012), 19-26.
  13. Bahrami, M. and Marandi, S., "Large-scale experimental study on collapsible soil improvement using encased stone columns", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications, Vol. 34, No. 5, (2021), 1145-1155. doi: 10.5829/ije.2021.34.05b.08.
  14. Sarli, J.M., Hadadi, F. and Bagheri, R.-A., "Stabilizing geotechnical properties of loess soil by mixing recycled polyester fiber and nano-SiO2", Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 38, (2020), 1151-1163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-01078-7
  15. Feitosa, M.C., Ferreira, S.R., Delgado, J.M., Silva, F.A., Oliveira, J.T., Oliveira, P.E. and Azevedo, A.C., "Sewage sludge valorization for collapsible soil improvement", Buildings, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2023), 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020338
  16. Goodarzi, A. and Salimi, M., "Stabilization treatment of a dispersive clayey soil using granulated blast furnace slag and basic oxygen furnace slag", Applied Clay Science, Vol. 108, (2015), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.02.024
  17. AlShaba, A., Abdelaziz, T. and Ragheb, A., "Treatment of collapsible soils by mixing with iron powder", Alexandria Engineering Journal, Vol. 57, No. 4, (2018), 3737-3745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2018.07.019
  18. Ziani, H., Abbèche, K., Messaoudene, I. and Andrade Pais, L., "Treatment of collapsible soils by additions of granulated slag and natural pozzolan", KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 23, (2019), 1028-1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-0051-0
  19. Gibbs, H.J. and Bara, J.P., "Stability problems of collapsing soil", Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Vol. 93, No. 4, (1967), 577-594.
  20. Abbeche, K., Bahloul, O., Ayadat, T. and Bahloul, A., Treatment of collapsible soils by salts using the double consolidation method, in Experimental and applied modeling of unsaturated soils. 2010.69-78.
  21. Fattah, M.Y., Al-Ani, M.M. and Al-Lamy, M.T.A., "Treatment of collapse of gypseous soils by grouting", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement, Vol. 166, No. 1, (2013), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.11.00020
  22. Ajalloeian, R., Matinmanesh, H., Abtahi, S.M. and Rowshanzamir, M., "Effect of polyvinyl acetate grout injection on geotechnical properties of fine sand", Geomechanics and Geoengineering, Vol. 8, No. 2, (2013), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2012.705897
  23. Ayeldeen, M., Negm, A., El-Sawwaf, M. and Kitazume, M., "Enhancing mechanical behaviors of collapsible soil using two biopolymers", Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 2, (2017), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.11.007
  24. Seiphoori, A. and Zamanian, M., "Improving mechanical behaviour of collapsible soils by grouting active clay nanoparticles", (2020). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24982.57928
  25. Johari, A., Golkarfard, H., Davoudi, F. and Fazeli, A., "A predictive model based on the experimental investigation of collapsible soil treatment using nano-clay in the sivand dam region, iran", Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Vol. 80, (2021), 6725-6748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02360-w
  26. Khodabandeh, M.A., Nagy, G. and Török, Á., "Stabilization of collapsible soils with nanomaterials, fibers, polymers, industrial waste, and microbes: Current trends", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 368, (2023), 130463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130463
  27. Sabbaqzade, F., Keramati, M., Moradi Moghaddam, H. and Hamidian, P., "Evaluation of the mechanical behaviour of cement-stabilised collapsible soils treated with natural fibres", Geomechanics and Geoengineering, Vol. 17, No. 6, (2022), 1735-1750. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2021.1974579
  28. Valizade, N. and Tabarsa, A., "Laboratory investigation of plant root reinforcement on the mechanical behaviour and collapse potential of loess soil", European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 4, (2022), 1475-1491. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2020.1715848
  29. Nazir, A., El Sawwaf, M., Azzam, W. and Ata, M., "Utilization of marble dust for improving the geotechnic characteristics of collapsible soil", Journal of Geological Research, Vol. 2, No. 4, (2020), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v2i4.2352
  30. Ogila, W.A.M. and Eldamarawy, M.E., "Use of cement kiln dust for improving the geotechnical properties of collapsible soils", Indian Geotechnical Journal, (2022), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-021-00550-7
  31. El Sawwaf, M.A., Shahien, M.M., Nasr, A.M. and Habib, M.S., "A comparative study of stabilising collapsible soil using different types of biopolymers", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement, (2023), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1972593/v1
  32. Abbeche, K., Panczer, G. and Belagraa, L., "Study of the effect of waste glass fibers incorporation on the collapsible soil stability behavior", KnE Engineering, (2020), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.18502/keg.v5i4.6806
  33. Momeni, M., Shafiee, A., Heidari, M., Jafari, M.K. and Mahdavifar, M.R., "Evaluation of soil collapse potential in regional scale", Natural Hazards, Vol. 64, (2012), 459-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0252-z
  34. Basack, S., Goswami, G., Khabbaz, H., Karakouzian, M., Baruah, P. and Kalita, N., "A comparative study on soil stabilization relevant to transport infrastructure using bagasse ash and stone dust and cost effectiveness", Civil Engineering Journal, Vol. 7, No. 11, (2021), 1947. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091771
International Journal of Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 10
TRANSACTIONS A: Basics
October 2023
Pages 1746-1757

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics