Development of a New Backward Directional Coupler Based on Perforated Substrates

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

In this paper, two wideband 10 dB backward directional couplers based on artificial perforated substrates over the frequency range of 25-35 GHz and 32-38 GHz are developed. An analytical method is proposed to design the coupler geometrical parameters. The theoretical modeling is established based on the coupled version of the transmission line (TL) theory using the extended version of the ABCD matrix for four ports microwave network. It is shown that using the proposed method, all required parameters of the directional coupler are determined using the per-unit-length of the applied lines. The geometrical parameters of primary designed couplers are optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) procedure to improve the performance of couplers. The designed couplers are also simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. Moreover, sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the effect of fabrication imperfections of the proposed couplers. The obtained results show that the simulated results agree well with the theoretical ones and a low insertion loss (IL) with high return loss is obtained over a wide frequency range bandwidth.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Fonseca, N. J. G., Angevain, J. C., “Waveguide Hybrid Septum Coupler,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 69, No. 6, (2021), 3030-3036. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/TMTT.2021.3074194
  2. Tabatabaeian, Z. S., Neshati, Mohammad H., “Sensitivity Analysis of a Wideband Backward-wave Directional Coupler Using Neural Network and Monte Carlo Method,” International Journal of Engineering Transaction B Applications, Vol. 31, No. 5, (2018), 729-733.
  3. Alcep, A., Tokan, F., “Perforated Dielectric Lens Antenna Design,” International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering, 4, No. 12, (2018), 12-15.
  4. Wang, Z.B., Wei, X., Fang, H.P., Zhang, H.M., Zhang, Y.R., “A Compact and Broadband Directional Coupler for High-Power Radio Frequency Applications,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 30, No. 2, (2020), 164-166. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/LMWC.2020.2964672
  5. Sedaghat, M., Firouzeh, Z.H., Aliakbarian, H., “Development of a Non-Iterative Macro-Modelling Technique by Data Integration and Least Square Method,” International Journal of Engineering Transaction B Applications, Vol. 34, No. 11, (2021), 2408-2417. https://doi.org/ 10.5829/ije.2021.34.11b.04
  6. Cao, Y., Wu, Y., Jiang, Z., Hao, Z., “A Compact Millimetre-Wave Planar Directional Coupled Crossover with a Wide Bandwidth,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 30, No. 7, (2020), 661-664. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/LMWC.2020.2998780
  7. Ali, M. M. M., El-Gendy, M. S., Al-Hasan, M., Mabrouk, I. B., Sebak, A., Denidni, T.A., “A Systematic Design of a Compact Wideband Hybrid Directional Coupler Based on Printed RGW Technology,” IEEE Access, Vol. 9, (2021), 56765-56772. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3071758
  8. Parment, F., Ghiotto, A., Vuong, T., Duchamp, J., Wu, K., “Air-to-Dielectric-Filled Two Hole Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Directional Coupler,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 27, No. 7, (2017), 621-623. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/LMWC.2017.2711525
  9. Zarifi, D., Farahbakhsh, A., Zaman, A. U., “Design and Fabrication of Wideband Millimetre-Wave Directional Couplers with Different Coupling Factors Based on Gap Waveguide Technology,” IEEE Access, Vol. 7, (2019), 88822-88829. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2926233
  10. Peláez-Pérez, A. M., Almorox-Gonzalez, P., Alonso, J.I., González-Martín, J., “Ultra-Broadband Directional Couplers Using Microstrip with Dielectric Overlay in Millimetre-Wave Band,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 117, (2011), 495-509. https://doi.org/ 10.2528/PIER11042703
  11. Tavakoli, M. J., Mallahzadeh, A., “Wideband Directional Coupler for Millimetre Wave Application based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide,” Emerging Science Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, (2018). https://doi.org/ 10.28991/esj-2018-01132
  12. Zhao, Z., Denidni, T. A., “Millimetre-Wave Printed-RGW Hybrid Coupler with Symmetrical Square Feed,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 30, No. 2, (2020), 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1109/2019. 2960475
  13. Tabatabaeian, Z. S., Neshati, Mohammad H., “Development of broadband forward-wave directional couplers loaded by periodic patterned ground structure,” International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 8, (2017), 1-9. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/mmce.21135
  14. Tabatabaeian, Z.S., Neshati, Mohammad H., “Development of Forward-wave Directional Couplers Loaded by Periodic Shunt Shorted Stubs,” International Journal of Engineering Transaction C Aspect, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2017), 344-350. https://doi.org/5829/idosi.ije.2017.30.03c.03
  15. Pozar, D. M., Microwave Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 4th e, 2011.
  16. Paul, C. R., Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility. 2nd, 2006.
  17. Strang G., Introduction to Linear Algebra. Cambridge Press, 2016.
  18. Sohn, Y. S., Lee, J,C., Park, H.J., Cho, S.I., “Empirical equations on electrical parameters of coupled microstrip lines for crosstalk estimation in printed circuit board,” IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging, Vol. 24, No. 4, (2001), 521–527. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/6040.982839
  19. Karimian-Sarakhs, H., Neshati, Mohammad H., and Alijani, M. G. H., “Development of an analytical method to determine the propagation characteristics of microstrip line on artificial perforated substrates,” AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 140, (2021), 1-8. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.aeue.2021.153951
  20. Alijani-Ghadikolae, M., Neshati, Mohammad H., “Developing an accurate and simple dispersion analysis of TE10 mode of substrate integrated waveguides,” 21st Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), (2013), 1-4. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/IranianCEE.2013.6599879
  21. Méndez-Jerónimo, G., Wu, K., “Effects of Unshielded Air Holes Periodically Perforated in Substrate Integrated Waveguides,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 30, No. 11, (2020), 1049-1052. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/LMWC.2020.3022973.
  22. Trinchero, R., Manfredi, O., Stievano, I.S., Canavero, F.G., “Machine Learning for the Performance Assessment of High-Speed Links,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 60, No. 6, (2018), 1627-1634. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/TEMC.2018.2797481.
International Journal of Engineering
Volume 36, Issue 2
TRANSACTIONS B: Applications
February 2023
Pages 311-320

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics