Diagnostics Devices for Improving the World: μPADs Integrated with Smartphone for Colorimetric Detection of Dopamine

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Biofuels and Renewable Energy Research Center, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran

2 Department of Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran

3 Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran

Abstract

In recent years, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs ) were used; becuase of their low cost, ease of use, low sample consumption and reagent, and portability, specially in developing countries. In this research, colorimetric detection of dopamine (DA) was proposed on fast, simple, sensitive and low-cost μPADs, which is fabricated by using laser cutting technique. In paper-based microfluidic systems, wax printing is commonly used to create a hydrophobic barrier, but in this study, labels were used for the first time to create hydrophobic barriers due to their cost-effectiveness and easy access. Also in this study, the effect of various parameters on the performance improvement of developed μPADs such as DA volume, reaction time, drying time and volume ratio of ferric ion to DA was investigated. The results showed that the presence of DA made the red color bolder and a quantitative amount of DA was obtained by taking pictures of colored areas with a smartphone. Finally, after drawing the calibration curve, the limit of detection value 0.1 μM was defined.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Martinez, A.W., Phillips, S.T., Nie, Z., Cheng, C.-M., Carrilho, E., Wiley, B.J. and Whitesides, G.M., "Programmable diagnostic devices made from paper and tape", Lab on a Chip, Vol. 10, No. 19, (2010), 2499-2504, doi: 10.1039/C0LC00021C.
  2. Mao, X. and Huang, T.J., "Microfluidic diagnostics for the developing world", Lab on a Chip, Vol. 12, No. 8, (2012), 1412-1416, doi: 10.1039/C2LC90022J.
  3. Bhakta, S.A., Borba, R., Taba Jr, M., Garcia, C.D. and Carrilho, E., "Determination of nitrite in saliva using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices", Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 809, (2014), 117-122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.044.
  4. Taudte, R.V., Beavis, A., Wilson-Wilde, L., Roux, C., Doble, P. and Blanes, L., "A portable explosive detector based on fluorescence quenching of pyrene deposited on coloured wax-printed μpads", Lab on a Chip, Vol. 13, No. 21, (2013), 4164-4172, https://doi.org/10.1039/C3LC50609F.
  5. Li, L., Li, W., Yang, H., Ma, C., Yu, J., Yan, M. and Song, X., "Sensitive origami dual-analyte electrochemical immunodevice based on polyaniline/au-paper electrode and multi-labeled 3d graphene sheets", Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 120, (2014), 102-109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.12.076.
  6. Zhou, F., Noor, M.O. and Krull, U.J., "Luminescence resonance energy transfer-based nucleic acid hybridization assay on cellulose paper with upconverting phosphor as donors", Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 86, No. 5, (2014), 2719-2726, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac404129t.
  7. Mahato, K. and Chandra, P., "Based miniaturized immunosensor for naked eye alp detection based on digital image colorimetry integrated with smartphone", Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Vol. 128, (2019), 9-16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.006.
  8. Wang, F., Fu, C., Huang, C., Li, N., Wang, Y., Ge, S. and Yu, J., "Based closed au-bipolar electrode electrochemiluminescence sensing platform for the detection of mirna-155", Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Vol. 150, (2020), 111917, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2019.111917.
  9. Nourbakhsh, A., Rahimnejad, M., Asghary, M. and Younesi, H., "Simultaneous electro-determination of trace copper, lead, and cadmium in tap water by using silver nanoparticles and graphene nanoplates as nanocomposite modified graphite electrode", Microchemical Journal, (2022), 107137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.107137.
  10. Ezoji, H., Rahimnejad, M. and Najafpour-Darzi, G., "Advanced sensing platform for electrochemical monitoring of the environmental toxin; bisphenol a", Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 190, (2020), 110088, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110088.
  11. Zabihollahpoor, A., Rahimnejad, M. and Najafpour-Darzi, G., "Recent advances in electroanalytical methods for the therapeutic monitoring of antiepileptic drugs: A comprehensive review", Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 188, (2020), 113394, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113394.
  12. Nuchtavorn, N. and Macka, M., "A novel highly flexible, simple, rapid and low-cost fabrication tool for paper-based microfluidic devices (μpads) using technical drawing pens and in-house formulated aqueous inks", Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 919, (2016), 70-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.018.
  13. Manmana, Y., Chutvirasakul, B., Suntornsuk, L. and Nuchtavorn, N., "Cost effective paper-based colorimetric devices for a simple assay of dopamine in pharmaceutical formulations using 3, 3’, 5, 5’-tetramethylbenzidine-silver nitrate as a chromogenic reagent", Pharm. Sci. Asia, Vol. 46, (2019), 270-277, doi: 10.29090/psa.2019.04.018.0037.
  14. Morbioli, G.G., Mazzu-Nascimento, T., Stockton, A.M. and Carrilho, E., "Technical aspects and challenges of colorimetric detection with microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μpads)-a review", Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 970, (2017), 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.037.
  15. de Fatima Ulbrich, K., Winiarski, J.P., Jost, C.L. and de Campos, C.E.M., "Mechanochemical synthesis of a ni3-xte2 nanocrystalline composite and its application for simultaneous electrochemical detection of dopamine and adrenaline", Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 183, (2020), 107649, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107649.
  16. Ozoemena, O.C., Shai, L.J., Maphumulo, T. and Ozoemena, K.I., "Electrochemical sensing of dopamine using onion-like carbons and their carbon nanofiber composites", Electrocatalysis, Vol. 10, No. 4, (2019), 381-391, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-019-00520-x.
  17. Thamilselvan, A., Manivel, P., Rajagopal, V., Nesakumar, N. and Suryanarayanan, V., "Improved electrocatalytic activity of au@ fe3o4 magnetic nanoparticles for sensitive dopamine detection", Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 180, (2019), 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.04.034.
  18. Tyszczuk-Rotko, K., Jaworska, I. and Jędruchniewicz, K., "Application of unmodified boron-doped diamond electrode for determination of dopamine and paracetamol", Microchemical Journal, Vol. 146, (2019), 664-672, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.064.
  19. Baharfar, M., Rahbar, M., Tajik, M. and Liu, G., "Engineering strategies for enhancing the performance of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices", Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Vol. 167, (2020), 112506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112506.
  20. Teepoo, S., Arsawiset, S. and Chanayota, P., "One-step polylactic acid screen-printing microfluidic paper-based analytical device: Application for simultaneous detection of nitrite and nitrate in food samples", Chemosensors, Vol. 7, No. 3, (2019), 44, https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors7030044.
  21. Liu, C., Gomez, F.A., Miao, Y., Cui, P. and Lee, W., "A colorimetric assay system for dopamine using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices", Talanta, Vol. 194, (2019), 171-176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.039.
  22. Ghosh, R., Gopalakrishnan, S., Savitha, R., Renganathan, T. and Pushpavanam, S., "Fabrication of laser printed microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (lp-µpads) for point-of-care applications", Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 1, (2019), 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44455-1.
  23. Lin, D., Li, B., Qi, J., Ji, X., Yang, S., Wang, W. and Chen, L., "Low cost fabrication of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices with water-based polyurethane acrylate and their application for bacterial detection", Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 303, (2020), 127213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.127213.
  24. Aksorn, J. and Teepoo, S., "Development of the simultaneous colorimetric enzymatic detection of sucrose, fructose and glucose using a microfluidic paper-based analytical device", Talanta, Vol. 207, (2020), 120302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120302.