Direct Displacement Based Design of Reinforced Concrete Elevated Water Tanks Frame Staging

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Research Scholar, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur-440010, India

2 Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur-440010, India

3 Graduate University of Advanced Technology

Abstract

Elevated water tanks supported by the reinforced concrete (RC) Staging are classified as inverted pendulum structures. These are considered as structures of high post-earthquake importance and should remain functional after the seismic events. National codes of various countries recommend Force-Based Design (FBD) procedure for water tank staging, which does not ensure nonlinear performance level for a given hazard. Therefore, it becomes necessary to design these structures with a performance-based design approach like Direct Displacement-Based Design (DDBD). Many design engineers consider that the behavior of frame staging of the elevated water tank is similar to the building's frame and generally adopt the same design principles for both types of structures. However, the seismic behavior of the building frame is significantly different from frame staging due to the absence of diaphragm action at the bracing level and concentrated mass at the top level only. Therefore, it may not be rational to utilize the same DDBD procedure of the building's frame for the design of frame staging of the elevated water tanks. The present study proposes some modification in existing DDBD procedure (used for the design of frame building) based on the nonlinear time history analysis of twenty meters high RC frame staging with four different configurations. The modifications are proposed in terms of inelastic displacement profile, design displacement, effective height, and effective mass calculation. Further, the performance of the same RC frame staging designed using the proposed DDBD procedure has been assessed using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses to verify the suitability of proposed modifications.

Keywords


 1. Mehrain, M., “Reconnaissance report on the Northern Iran
earthquake of June 21, 1990”, Research Report No. NCEER-900017,
National Centre for Earthquake Engineering Research,
State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, USA,
(1990). 
2. Astaneh, A. and Ashtiany, M G, “The Manjil, Iran, earthquake of
June 1990”, Report No. 24(12), Earthquake Engineering
Research Institute, California, USA, (1990). 
3. Tang, A.K., Christchurch, New Zealand, “Earthquakes of 2010
and 2011: Lifeline Performance”, ASCE, (2016). 
4. Stembrugge, K and Clough, R W, “Chilean Earthquakes of May,
1960: A Brief Trip Report”, In Proceedings of the 2
 World
Conference on Earthquake engineering, Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan,
(1960). 
5. Livaoglu, R and Dogangun, A, “Effect of foundation embedment
on seismic behavior of elevated tanks considering fluid–structuresoil
interaction”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,
Vol. 27, No. 9, (2007), 855-863. 
6. BIS IS 11682:2011, Criteria for design of RCC staging for 
overhead water tanks, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi,
India, (2011). 
7. Manos G C and Clough R W, “Tank Damage during the May
1983 Coalinga Earthquake”, Earthquake Engineering &
Structural Dynamics, Vol. 13, No. 4, (1985), 449-466. 
8. Astaneh A and Ghafory-Ashtiany M, “The Manjil, Iran,
Earthquake of June 1990”, EERI Special Earthquake Rep, EERI
Newsletter, 24, (1990), 5-13 
9. Mehrain M, “Reconnaissance Report on the Northern Iran
Earthquake of June 21, 1990”, National Center for earthquake
engineering research, Buffalo, New York, (1990). 
10. Jain S K, Murty C V R, Chandak N, Seeber L and Jain N K, “The 
September 29, 1993, M6.4 Killari, Maharashtra Earthquake in 
Central India”, EERI Newsletter, 28, (1993).
11. Rai D C, “Elevated tanks”, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 18, No. S1, 
(2002), 279-295. 
12. Rai D C, “Performance of elevated tanks in mw 7.7 Bhuj
Earthquake of January 26th
, 2001”, Journal of Earth System
Science, Vol. 112, No. 3, (2003), 421-429. 
13. Aoki, D., Bando, Y., & Suzuki, M., “Effect of Installation of a
Perforated Plate on Suppression of Sloshing Wave Height in a
Rectangular Water Tank at Long-Period Earthquake”, Kagaku
Kogaku Ronbunshu, Vol. 45, No. 2, (2019), 39-45. 
14. Yun, J. H., Kang, T. W., Yang, H., & Jeon, J. S., “EarthquakeInduced
Wall Pressure Response Analysis of a Square Steel
Liquid Storage Tank”, Journal of the Earthquake Engineering
Society of Korea, Vol. 22, No. 5, (2018), 261-269. 
15. BIS IS 3370-3:1967, “Concrete structures for storage of liquids –
code of practice – Part 3: Prestressed concrete structures”, Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, (1967). 
16. BIS IS 3370-4:1967, “Concrete structures for storage of liquids –
code of practice – Part 4: Design tables”, New Delhi, Bureau of
Indian Standards, India, (1967). 
17. BIS IS 456:2000, “Plain reinforced concrete – code of practice
(fourth revision)”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India,
(2000). 
18. BIS IS 3370-1:2009, “Concrete structures for storage of liquids –
code of practice – Part 1: General requirements”, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, India, (2009). 
19. BIS IS 3370-2:2009, “Concrete structures for storage of liquids –
code of practice – Part 2: Reinforced concrete structures”, Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, (2009). 
20. BIS IS 1893-2:2014, “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures – Part 2: Liquid retaining tanks”, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, India, (2014). 
21. BIS IS 1893-1:2016, “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures – Part 1: General provisions and buildings”, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, (2016). 
22. BIS IS 13920, “Ductile design and detailing of reinforced
concrete structures subjected to seismic forces – code of practice
(first revision)”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India,
(2016). 
23. Jaiswal O R, Rai D C and Jain S K, “Review of seismic codes on
liquid-containing tanks”, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 23, No. 1,
(2007), 239-260 
24. Masoudi M, Eshghi S and Ghafory-Ashtiany M, “Evaluation of
response modification factor of elevated concrete tanks”,
Engineering Structures, Vol. 39, (2012), 199-209 
25. Ghateh R, Kianoush M R and Pogorzelski W, “Seismic response
factors of reinforced concrete pedestal in elevated water tanks”,
Engineering Structures, Vol. 87, (2015), 32-46 
26. Lakhade S O, Kumar R and Jaiswal O R, “Estimation of response
reduction factor of RC frame staging in elevated water tanks using
nonlinear static procedure”, Structural Engineering and 
Mechanics, Vol. 62, No. 2, (2017), 209-224
27. Moehle J P, “Displacement-based design of RC structures 
subjected to earthquakes”, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 8, No. 3,
(1992), 403-428. 
28. Kowalsky M J, Priestley M J, and Macrae G A, “Displacementā€
based design of RC Bridge columns in seismic regions”,
Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, Vol. 24, No.
12, (1995),1623-1643. 
29. Priestley M J N and Kowalsky M J, “Performance based seismic
design”, Bulletin of The New Zealand Society for Earthquake
Engineering, Vol. 33, No. 3, (2000), 325-346 
30. Medhekar M S and Kennedy D J L, “Displacement-based seismic
design of buildings-theory”, Engineering Structures, Vol. 22,
No. 3, (2000), 201-209 
31. Pettinga J D and Priestley M J N, “Dynamic behaviour of
reinforced concrete frames designed with direct displacement-based design”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 9, No. spec 02, (2005), 309-330 
32. Priestley M J N, Calvi M C and Kowalsky M J, “DisplacementBased Seismic Design of Structures”, In New Zealand
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, (2007), Pavia: IUSS
Press 
33. Massena B, Bento R, and Degée H, “Direct Displacement Based
Design of a RC Frame – Case of Study”, Relatorio ICIST DTC
08, (2010). 
34. Moghim F and Saadatpour MM, “The applicability of direct
displacement based design in designing concrete buildings
located in near-fault regions”, In: proceedings of 14th World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, (2008). 
35. Dzakic D, Kraus I and Moric D, “Direct displacement based
design of regular concrete frames in compliance with Eurocode
8”, Technical Gazette, Vol. 19, No. 4, (2012), 973-982 
36. Fakhraddini A and Salajegheh J, “Optimum automated direct
displacement based design of reinforced concrete frames”, In:
proceedings of 15th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, (2012). 
37. Muljati I, Asisi F, and Willyanto K, “Performance of force based
design versus direct displacement based design in predicting
seismic demands of regular concrete special moment resisting
frames”, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 125, (2015), 1050 – 1056. 
38. Loeding, S., Kowalsky, M. J., and Priestley, M. N., “Direct
displacement-based design of reinforced concrete building
frames”, Report No. SSRP-98/08 Division of Structural
Engineering, University of California, San Diego, (1998). 
39. Lakhade S O, Kumar R and Jaiswal O R, “Comparison of Seismic
Performance of Frame Staging in Elevated Water Tank and
Building Frame”, 16th Symposium on Earthquake Engineering,
IIT Roorkee, India, 213, (2018). 
40. Dwairi H M, Kowalsky M J and Nau J M, “Equivalent damping
in support of direct displacement-based design”, Journal of
Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 4, (2007), 512-530. 
41. FEMA 356:2000, “Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic
Rehabilitation of Buildings”, Federal Emergency Management
Agency, Washington (DC), (2000). 
42. ASCE/SEI 41 - 06:2006, “Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of
Existing Buildings”, American Society of Civil Engineering,
Reston, Virginia, (2006). 
43. Kumar R and Singh Y, “Stiffness of reinforced concrete frame
members for seismic analysis”, ACI Structural Journal, Vol.
107, No. 5, (2010), 607-615. 
44. ASCE/SEI 41 – 17:2017, “Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of
Existing Buildings”, American Society of Civil Engineering,
Reston, Virginia, (2017). 
45. CSI version 20, “Integrated finite element analysis and design of
structures basic analysis reference manual”, Comp Struct Inc,
Berkeley, CA, USA, (2017). 
46. BS EN 1998-1:2004-Eurocode 8, “Design of Concrete Structure,
General Rules and Rules for Building”, British Standards
Institution, London, U.K, (2004). 
47. Takeda T, Sozen M A, and Nielsen N N, “Reinforced concrete
response to simulated earthquakes”, Journal of the Structural
Division, Vol. 96, No. 12, (1970), 2557-2573. 
48. Sulllivan T J, Calvi G M, Priestley M J N and Kowalsky M J,
“The limitations and performances of different displacement
based design methods”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering,
Vol. 7, No. spec 01, (2003), 201-241. 
49. Mukherjee S and Gupta V K, “Wavelet-Based Generation of
spectrum-Compatible Time-Histories”, Soil Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 9, (2002), 799-804. 
50. ASCE/SEI 7-10, “Minimum Design Loads and Associated
Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures”, American Society of
Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia, (2010). 
51. FEMA 368, “The 2000 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for
New Buildings and Other Structures, Part 1: Provision and Part 2:
Commentary”, USA, (2000). 
52. NZS 1170.5:2004, “Structural design actions: Part 5: Earthquake
actions New Zealand”, Standards New Zealand, Wellington,
(2004). 
53. ASCE/SEI 7-16,“Minimum Design Loads and Associated
Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures”, American Society of
Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia, (2016). 
54. Ancheta, T. D., Darragh, R. B., Stewart, J. P., Seyhan, E., Silva,
W. J., Chiou, B. S. J., ... and Kishida, T, “NGA-West2 database”,
Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2014), 989-1005. 
55. Ozturk, B, “Seismic drift response of building structures in
seismically active and near-fault regions”, Ph.D. Dissertation,
Purdue University, Dept. of Civil Engineering, (2003). 
56. Ozturk, B., “Seismic behavior of two monumental buildings in
historical Cappadocia region of Turkey”, Bulletin of Earthquake
Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 7, (2017), 3103-3123.