An Incentive Mechanism for Energy Internet of Things Based on Blockchain and Stackelberg Game

Document Type : Special Issue on BDCPSI

Authors

1 Department of Electromechanical and Information Engineering, Changde Vocational Technical College, Changde, China

2 School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China

Abstract

In the Internet of Everything era, the Energy Internet of Things (IoT), as a typical application of IoT technology, has been extensively studied. Meanwhile, blockchain technology and energy IoT can be coordinated and complementary. The energy IoT is diversified and has a high transaction demand. it is an issue worthy of research to discuss the impact of the energy IoT environment on the performance of blockchain consensus algorithms and guarantee blockchain stability in energy IoT environment. In the research, an incentive mechanism based on Stackelberg game is proposed for the network scenario involving multiple roadside units and user nodes. The proposed strategy is analyzed through the Matlab simulation platform. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can effectively protect the interests of blockchain users and miners. It also can improve the security and stability of the blockchain-based energy IoT system. Moreover, the numerical results not only verify the model feasibility. It also shows that when there are many blockchain miners, the model performance is fine. However, when the number of miners reaches a certain value, there will be unobvious growth. Furthermore, it is also confirmed that the wireless energy IoT environment will also create a certain impact on the game model.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Rifkin, J., "The third industrial revolution: How lateral power is transforming energy, the economy, and the world, Macmillan, (2011).
  2. Nakamoto, S., "Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system", Decentralized Business Review, (2008), 21260.
  3. Zhao, Y., Peng, K., Xu, B.-y. and Liu, Y., "Status and prospect of pilot project of energy blockchain", Automation of Electric Power Systems, Vol. 43, No. 7, (2019), 14-22.
  4. Zhang, N., Wang, Y., Kang, C., Cheng, J. and He, D., "Blockchain technique in the energy internet: Preliminary research framework and typical applications", Proceedings of the CSEE, Vol. 36, No. 15, (2016), 4011-4022.
  5. Fernández-Caramés, T.M. and Fraga-Lamas, P., "A review on the use of blockchain for the internet of things", Ieee Access, Vol. 6, (2018), 32979-33001. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2842685.
  6. Doshi, M. and Varghese, A., Smart agriculture using renewable energy and ai-powered iot, in Ai, edge and iot-based smart agriculture. 2022, Elsevier.205-225.
  7. Wang, B. and Liu, F., "Task arrival based energy efficient optimization in smart-iot data center", Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, (2021), 2713-2732. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2021138.
  8. Liu, Z., Luong, N.C., Wang, W., Niyato, D., Wang, P., Liang, Y.-C. and Kim, D.I., "A survey on blockchain: A game theoretical perspective", IEEE Access, Vol. 7, (2019), 47615-47643. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2909924.
  9. Saad, W., Han, Z., Debbah, M., Hjorungnes, A. and Basar, T., "Coalitional game theory for communication networks", Ieee Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 26, No. 5, (2009), 77-97. doi: 10.1109/MSP.2009.000000.
  10. Hakak, S., Khan, W.Z., Gilkar, G.A., Imran, M. and Guizani, N., "Securing smart cities through blockchain technology: Architecture, requirements, and challenges", IEEE Network, Vol. 34, No. 1, (2020), 8-14. doi: 10.1109/MNET.001.1900178.
  11. Nejati, Z. and Faraji, A., "Actuator fault detection and isolation for helicopter unmanned arial vehicle in the present of disturbance", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions C: Aspects, Vol. 34, No. 3, (2021), 676-681. doi: 10.5829/IJE.2021.34.03C.12.
  12. Khosravian, E. and Maghsoudi, H., "Design of an intelligent controller for station keeping, attitude control, and path tracking of a quadrotor using recursive neural networks", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications, Vol. 32, No. 5, (2019), 747-758. doi: 10.5829/ije.2019.32.05b.17.
  13. Xiong, Z., Feng, S., Wang, W., Niyato, D., Wang, P. and Han, Z., "Cloud/fog computing resource management and pricing for blockchain networks", IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol. 6, No. 3, (2018), 4585-4600. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2871706.
  14. Wei, W., Liu, F. and Mei, S., "Energy pricing and dispatch for smart grid retailers under demand response and market price uncertainty", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 6, No. 3, (2014), 1364-1374. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2376522.
  15. Yang, D., Xue, G., Fang, X. and Tang, J., "Incentive mechanisms for crowdsensing: Crowdsourcing with smartphones", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 24, No. 3, (2015), 1732-1744. doi: 10.1109/TNET.2015.2421897.
  16. Hedges, J., "Backward induction for repeated games", arXiv Preprint arXiv:1804.07074, (2018). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1804.07074
  17. Cao, B., Xia, S., Han, J. and Li, Y., "A distributed game methodology for crowdsensing in uncertain wireless scenario", IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, Vol. 19, No. 1, (2019), 15-28. doi: 10.1109/TMC.2019.2892953.
  18. Sun, J., Wu, C. and Ye, J., "Blockchain-based automated container cloud security enhancement system", in 2020 IEEE international conference on smart cloud (SmartCloud), IEEE. (2020), 1-6.
  19. Dong, J., Song, C., Liu, S., Yin, H., Zheng, H. and Li, Y., "Decentralized peer-to-peer energy trading strategy in energy blockchain environment: A game-theoretic approach", Applied Energy, Vol. 325, (2022), 119852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119852