Coordination of Load and Generation Sides to Reduce Peak Load and Improve Arbitrage of Smart Distribution Grid

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Electromechanical Engineering Department, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract

This paper proposes an approach to improve the system arbitrage and reduce peak load by managing both the generation and load sides simultaneously. The peak load reduction is achieved using a load control program, while the arbitrage is enhanced by minimizing the operating and emission costs. The load management and minimization of operating cost are combined in an optimization approach in a multi-objective framework. The storage battery is utilized to contribute in the shaving of the peak load and reducing the operating and emission cost, where the battery aging is taken into account in the proposed model. The management of load sides is considered as decision variables in the approach. A mixed-integer quadratic program is employed to formulate the optimization approach. The proposed approach is applied to a smart low-voltage distribution grid. The results show that the management of both the demand and generation sides reduces the operating and emission costs and improves the load factor of the system.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, F., Zhang, Y. and Tian, C., "Operation optimization in a smart micro-grid in the presence of distributed generation and demand response", Sustainability, Vol. 10, No. 3, (2018), 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030847.
  2. Aghajani, G., Shayanfar, H. and Shayeghi, H., "Demand side management in a smart micro-grid in the presence of renewable generation and demand response", Energy, Vol. 126, (2017), 622-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.051
  3. Huang, D. and Billinton, R., "Effects of load sector demand side management applications in generating capacity adequacy assessment", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 27, No. 1, (2011), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2164425
  4. Sedighi, A.R. and Hamidian, M., "A novel method for implementing of time-of-use to improve the performance of electric distribution systems: A case study", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions C: Aspects, Vol. 30, No. 3, (2017), 357-365.
  5. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M. and Billinton, R., "Impact of load management on composite system reliability evaluation short-term operating benefits", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 15, No. 2, (2000), 858-864. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/59.867185
  6. Logenthiran, T., Srinivasan, D. and Shun, T.Z., "Demand side management in smart grid using heuristic optimization", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 3, No. 3, (2012), 1244-1252. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2012.2195686.
  7. Parisio, A., Rikos, E. and Glielmo, L., "A model predictive control approach to microgrid operation optimization", IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 22, No. 5, (2014), 1813-1827. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2013.2295737
  8. Olamaei, J. and Ashouri, S., "Demand response in the day-ahead operation of an isolated microgrid in the presence of uncertainty of wind power", Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Vol. 23, No. 2, (2015), 491-504. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1301-164
  9. Wang, X., Palazoglu, A. and El-Farra, N.H., "Operational optimization and demand response of hybrid renewable energy systems", Applied Energy, Vol. 143, (2015), 324-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.004
  10. Shi, W., Xie, X., Chu, C.-C. and Gadh, R., "Distributed optimal energy management in microgrids", IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 6, No. 3, (2014), 1137-1146. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/TSG.2014.2373150
  11. Liu, Y., Yuen, C., Hassan, N.U., Huang, S., Yu, R. and Xie, S., "Electricity cost minimization for a microgrid with distributed energy resource under different information availability", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 62, No. 4, (2014), 2571-2583. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2014.2371780
  12. Wu, Z., Tazvinga, H. and Xia, X., "Demand side management of photovoltaic-battery hybrid system", Applied Energy, Vol. 148, (2015), 294-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.109
  13. Kinhekar, N., Padhy, N.P., Li, F. and Gupta, H.O., "Utility oriented demand side management using smart ac and micro dc grid cooperative", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 31, No. 2, (2015), 1151-1160. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2409894
  14. Jafari, E., Soleymani, S., Mozafari, B. and Amraee, T., "Optimal operation of a micro-grid containing energy resources and demand response program", International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 10, (2018), 2169-2182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1525-6
  15. Mobashsher, M.M., Keypour, R. and Savaghebi, M., "Distributed optimal voltage control in islanded microgrids", International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, Vol. 31, No. 11, (2021), e13045. https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038-13045
  16. Feng, X., Shekhar, A., Yang, F., E. Hebner, R. and Bauer, P., "Comparison of hierarchical control and distributed control for microgrid", Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 45, No. 10, (2017), 1043-1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2017.1318982
  17. Al-Saadi, M.K., Luk, P.C., Fei, W. and Bati, A., "Security constrained active and reactive optimal power management of microgrid in different market policies", in 2016 UKACC 11th International Conference on Control (CONTROL), IEEE., (2016), 1-6.
  18. Puspitasari, K.M.D., Raharjo, J., Sastrosubroto, A.S. and Rahmat, B., "Generator scheduling optimization involving emission to determine emission reduction costs", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications, Vol. 35, No. 8, (2022). https://doi.org/10.5829/IJE.2022.35.08B.02
  19. Al-Saadi, M.K., Dakheel, H.S. and Abdullah, Z.B., "Impact of the weather on the combined economic and emission optimization problem of mg", in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing. Vol. 765, (2020), 012012.
  20. Zhou, C., Qian, K., Allan, M. and Zhou, W., "Modeling of the cost of ev battery wear due to V2G application in power systems", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 26, No. 4, (2011), 1041-1050. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2011.2159977
  21. Tomić, J. and Kempton, W., "Using fleets of electric-drive vehicles for grid support", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 168, No. 2, (2007), 459-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPOWSOUR.2007.03.010
  22. Al-Saadi, M.K., Luk, P.C. and Fei, W., "Impact of unit commitment on the optimal operation of hybrid microgrids", in 2016 UKACC 11th International Conference on Control (CONTROL), IEEE., (2016), 1-6.
  23. Papathanassiou, S., Hatziargyriou, N. and Strunz, K., "A benchmark low voltage microgrid network", in Proceedings of the CIGRE symposium: power systems with dispersed generation, CIGRE., (2005), 1-8.
  24. Bharti, D., "Graph theoretic loss allocation method for microgrids having variable generation", International Journal of Engineering, Transactions C: Aspects, Vol. 34, No. 9, (2021), 2060-2069. https://doi.org/10.5829/IJE.2021.34.09C.03
  25. T. Logenthiran, D. Srinivasan, Khambadkone, A.M. and H. N. Aung, "Multiagent system for real-time operation of a microgrid in real-time digital simulator", IEEE Transactions on Smar Grid, Vol. 3, No. 2, (2012), 925-933. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/TSG.2012.2189028
  26. Hatziargyriou, N., Jenkins, N., Strbac, G., Lopes, J.P., Ruela, J., Engler, A., Oyarzabal, J., Kariniotakis, G. and Amorim, A., "Microgrids–large scale integration of microgeneration to low voltage grids", CIGRE C6-309, Vol. 1, (2006).
  27. Kamel, R.M., Chaouachi, A. and Nagasaka, K., "Carbon emissions reduction and power losses saving besides voltage profiles improvement using micro grids", Low Carbon Economy, Vol. 1, No. 1, (2010), 1. https://doi.org/ 10.1109/TSG.2012.2189028
  28. di Valdalbero, D.R., "External costs and their integration in energy costs", in European Sustain. Energy Policy Seminar INFORSE-Europe., (2006).
  29. García-Gusano, D., Cabal, H. and Lechón, Y., "Evolution of no x and SO2 emissions in spain: Ceilings versus taxes", Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, Vol. 17, No. 7, (2015), 1997-2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-0923-z
  30. Corporation, I., Ibm ilog cplex optimization studio cplex user’s manual v12. 8. 2018, IBM Corporation New York.