Elevated Temperature Performance of Concrete Reinforced with Steel, Glass, and Polypropylene Fibers and Fire-proofed with Coating

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Concrete has good strength and durability; however, it suffers from spalling and significant reduction of strength when exposed to fire. This study was aimed to enhance the fire resistance of concrete by applying two different techniques: 1) reinforcing with fiber, and 2) applying a fire-proof coating. For this purpose, mixes were made with steel fiber (SF), glass fiber (GF), and polypropylene fiber (PPF) applied at 0.5-2% of cement weight; in addition to a mix prepared with a 15 mm layer of fireproof coating material and a control mix. All mixes were subjected to elevated temperatures of 200-800 °C, and physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. According to the test results, both techniques were effective in enhancing the fire resistance of concrete mixes. The maximum residual compressive and flexural strengths were obtained for mix containing 0.5% GF, which were 117% and 145% higher than that of the control mix at 800 °C, respectively. Also, concrete with fireproof coating showed up to 76% and 113% higher compressive and flexural strengths compared to that of the control mix, respectively. It was found that addition of fibers in the manufacturing process of the concrete is a more desirable and economically-efficient approach to enhance the fire resistance. However, for an existing concrete structure, applying fireproof coating is the only option and can enhance the fire resistance comparably.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Zareei, S. A., Ameri, F., Bahrami, N., Shoaei, P., Moosaei, H. R., and Salemi, N. “Performance of sustainable high strength concrete with basic oxygen steel-making (BOS) slag and nano-silica.” Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 25, (2019), 100791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100791
  2. Zareei, S. A., Ameri, F., Shoaei, P., and Bahrami, N. “Recycled ceramic waste high strength concrete containing wollastonite particles and micro-silica: A comprehensive experimental study.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 201, (2019), 11–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.161
  3. Husem, M. “The effects of high temperature on compressive and flexural strengths of ordinary and high-performance concrete.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 41, No. 2, (2006), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.12.002
  4. Ma, Q., Guo, R., Zhao, Z., Lin, Z., and He, K. “Mechanical properties of concrete at high temperature—A review.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 93, (2015), 371–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.131
  5. Phan, L., and Carino, N. “Effects of the Test Conditions and Mixture Proportions on Behavior of High-Strength Concrete Exposed to High Temperatures .” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 99, No. 1, (2002), 54–66. Retrieved from https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=860335
  6. Ameri, F., Shoaei, P., Zareei, S. A., and Behforouz, B. “Geopolymers vs. alkali-activated materials (AAMs): A comparative study on durability, microstructure, and resistance to elevated temperatures of lightweight mortars.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 222, (2019), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.079
  7. Madhkhan, M., and Saeidian, P. “Mechanical Properties of Ultra-high Performance Concrete Reinforced by Glass Fibers under Accelerated Agin.” International Journal of Engineering, TransactionB: Applications, Vol. 34, No. 5, (2021), 1074–1084. https://doi.org/10.5829/ije.2021.34.05b.01
  8. Kashyzadeh, K. R., Ghorbani, S., and Forouzanmehr, M. “Effects of Drying Temperature and Aggregate Shape on the Concrete Compressive Strength: Experiments and Data Mining Techniques.” International Journal of Engineering, Transaction C: Aspects, Vol. 33, No. 9, (2020), 1780–1791. https://doi.org/10.5829/ije.2020.33.09c.12
  9. Horszczaruk, E., Sikora, P., Cendrowski, K., and Mijowska, E. “The effect of elevated temperature on the properties of cement mortars containing nanosilica and heavyweight aggregates.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 137, (2017), 420–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.003
  10. Sivathanu Pillai, C., Santhakumar, A. R., Poonguzhali, A., Pujar, M. G., Ashok Kumar, J., Preetha, R., and Kamachi Mudali, U. “Evaluation of microstructural and microchemical aspects of high density concrete exposed to sustained elevated temperature.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 126, (2016), 453–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.053
  11. Kulkarni, P., and Muthadhi, A. “Improving thermal and mechanical property of lightweight concrete using n-butyl stearate/expanded clay aggregate with alccofine1203.” International Journal of Engineering, Transactions A: Basics, Vol. 33, No. 10, (2020), 1842–1851. https://doi.org/10.5829/IJE.2020.33.10A.03
  12. Varghese, A., Anand, N., and Arulraj, P. G. “Influence of fiber on shear behavior of concrete exposed to elevated temperature.” International Journal of Engineering, Transactions A: Basics, Vol. 33, No. 10, (2020), 1897–1903. https://doi.org/10.5829/IJE.2020.33.10A.08
  13. Thomas, C., Rico, J., Tamayo, P., Ballester, F., Setién, J., and Polanco, J. A. “Effect of elevated temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of heavy-weight magnetite concrete with steel fibers.” Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 103, (2019), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.04.029
  14. Hamad, R. J. A., Megat Johari, M. A., and Haddad, R. H. “Mechanical properties and bond characteristics of different fiber reinforced polymer rebars at elevated temperatures.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 142, (2017), 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.113
  15. Li, Y., Tan, K. H., and Yang, E.-H. “Synergistic effects of hybrid polypropylene and steel fibers on explosive spalling prevention of ultra-high performance concrete at elevated temperature.” Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 96, (2019), 174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.11.009
  16. Li, Y., Yang, E.-H., and Tan, K. H. “Flexural behavior of ultra-high performance hybrid fiber reinforced concrete at the ambient and elevated temperature.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 250, (2020), 118487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118487
  17. Al Qadi, A. N. S., and Al-Zaidyeen, S. M. “Effect of fibre content and specimen shape on residual strength of polypropylene fibre self-compacting concrete exposed to elevated temperatures.” Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 1, (2014), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2012.12.002
  18. Novák, J., and Kohoutková, A. “Fibre reinforced concrete exposed to elevated temperature.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 246, (2017), 012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/246/1/012045
  19. Xie, J., Zhang, Z., Lu, Z., and Sun, M. “Coupling effects of silica fume and steel-fiber on the compressive behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete after exposure to elevated temperature.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 184, (2018), 752–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.035
  20. Pakravan, H. R., and Ozbakkaloglu, T. “Synthetic fibers for cementitious composites: A critical and in-depth review of recent advances.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 207, (2019), 491–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.078
  21. Afroughsabet, V., and Ozbakkaloglu, T. “Mechanical and durability properties of high-strength concrete containing steel and polypropylene fibers.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 94, (2015), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.051
  22. Serrano, R., Cobo, A., Prieto, M. I., and González, M. de las N. “Analysis of fire resistance of concrete with polypropylene or steel fibers.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 122, (2016), 302–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.055
  23. Sun, Z., and Xu, Q. “Microscopic, physical and mechanical analysis of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete.” Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 527, No. 1–2, (2009), 198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.07.056
  24. Lura, P., and Terrasi, G. Pietro. “Reduction of fire spalling in high-performance concrete by means of superabsorbent polymers and polypropylene fibers.” Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 49, (2014), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.02.001
  25. Lee, J., Terada, K., Yamazaki, M., and Harada, K. “Impact of melting and burnout of polypropylene fibre on air permeability and mechanical properties of high-strength concrete.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 91, (2017), 553–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.026
  26. Yermak, N., Pliya, P., Beaucour, A.-L., Simon, A., and Noumowé, A. “Influence of steel and/or polypropylene fibres on the behaviour of concrete at high temperature: Spalling, transfer and mechanical properties.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 132, (2017), 240–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.120
  27. Jameran, A., Ibrahim, I. S., Yazan, S. H. S., and Rahim, S. N. A. A. “Mechanical Properties of Steel-polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete Under Elevated Temperature.” Procedia Engineering, Vol. 125, (2015), 818–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.146
  28. Abdi Moghadam, M., and Izadifard, R. A. “Effects of steel and glass fibers on mechanical and durability properties of concrete exposed to high temperatures.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 113, (2020), 102978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.102978
  29. Cai, Z., Liu, F., Yu, J., Yu, K., and Tian, L. “Development of ultra-high ductility engineered cementitious composites as a novel and resilient fireproof coating.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 288, (2021), 123090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123090
  30. Ma, X., Pan, J., Cai, J., Zhang, Z., and Han, J. “A review on cement-based materials used in steel structures as fireproof coating.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 315, (2022), 125623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125623
  31. Wei, W., and Zhong-nian, F. “Effects of crystallized fire proof material on the fire resistance of concrete.” Fire Science and Technology, Vol. 40, No. 8, (2021), 1137–1141.
  32. Temuujin, J., Rickard, W., Lee, M., and van Riessen, A. “Preparation and thermal properties of fire resistant metakaolin-based geopolymer-type coatings.” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 357, No. 5, (2011), 1399–1404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.09.063
  33. Hou, X., Ren, P., Rong, Q., Zheng, W., and Zhan, Y. “Effect of fire insulation on fire resistance of hybrid-fiber reinforced reactive powder concrete beams.” Composite Structures, Vol. 209, (2019), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.10.073
  34. Palmieri, A., Matthys, S., and Taerwe, L. “Experimental investigation on fire endurance of insulated concrete beams strengthened with near surface mounted FRP bar reinforcement.” Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 43, No. 3, (2012), 885–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.11.061
  35. Firmo, J. P., Correia, J. R., and França, P. “Fire behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP laminates: Protection systems with insulation of the anchorage zones.” Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 43, No. 3, (2012), 1545–1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.09.002
  36. Firmo, J. P., and Correia, J. R. “Fire behaviour of thermally insulated RC beams strengthened with EBR-CFRP strips: Experimental study.” Composite Structures, Vol. 122, (2015), 144–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.11.063
  37. Cree, D., Chowdhury, E. U., Green, M. F., Bisby, L. A., and Bénichou, N. “Performance in fire of FRP-strengthened and insulated reinforced concrete columns.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 54, (2012), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.08.006
  38. ASTM C125, “Standard terminology relating to concrete and concrete aggregates”, Annual Book ASTM Standards, 2003.
  39. ASTM C33/C33M-16, “Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016.
  40. Mirzazadeh, M. M., Noël, M., and Green, M. F. “Effects of low temperature on the static behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with temperature differentials.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 112, (2016), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.216
  41. ASTM C143/C143M-15a, “Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete”, ASTM International West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
  42. ASTM C39/C39M-16, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens” ASTM International West Conshohocken, PA, 2016.
  43. ASTM C78/C78M-16, “Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)”, ASTM International West Conshohocken, PA, 2016.
  44. Jhatial, A. A., Sohu, S., Bhatti, N. K., Lakhiar, M. T., and Oad, R. “Effect of steel fibres on the compressive and flexural strength of concrete.” International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 10, (2018), 16–21. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=SoKy-gUAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra
  45. Mastali, M., Dalvand, A., Sattarifard, A. R., and Abdollahnejad, Z. “Effect of different lengths and dosages of recycled glass fibres on the fresh and hardened properties of SCC.” Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol. 70, No. 22, (2018), 1175–1188. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00180
  46. Rajaei, S., Shoaei, P., Shariati, M., Ameri, F., Musaeei, H. R., Behforouz, B., and de Brito, J. “RETRACTED: Rubberized alkali-activated slag mortar reinforced with polypropylene fibres for application in lightweight thermal insulating materials.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 270, (2021), 121430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121430
  47. Afroughsabet, V., Biolzi, L., and Ozbakkaloglu, T. “High-performance fiber-reinforced concrete: a review.” Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 51, No. 14, (2016), 6517–6551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9917-4
  48. Thirumurugan, S., and Anandan, S. “Compressive strength index of crimped polypropylene fibres in high strength cementitious matrix.” World Applied Sciences Journal, Vol. 24, (2013), 698–702. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.24.06.714
  49. Sedaghatdoost, A., Behfarnia, K., Bayati, M., and Vaezi, M. sadegh. “Influence of recycled concrete aggregates on alkali-activated slag mortar exposed to elevated temperatures.” Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 26, (2019), 100871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100871
  50. Xiao, J., and Falkner, H. “On residual strength of high-performance concrete with and without polypropylene fibres at elevated temperatures.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 41, No. 2, (2006), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.11.004
  51. Novak, J., and Kohoutkova, A. “Mechanical properties of concrete composites subject to elevated temperature.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 95, (2018), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.10.010
  52. Memon, S. A., Shah, S. F. A., Khushnood, R. A., and Baloch, W. L. “Durability of sustainable concrete subjected to elevated temperature – A review.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 199, (2019), 435–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.040
  53. Naus, D. J. The Effect of Elevated Temperature on Concrete Materials and Structures - a Literature Review, Report Number: ORNL/TM--2005/553. Oak Ridge, TN (United States). https://doi.org/10.2172/974590
  54. Aslani, F., and Samali, B. “High Strength Polypropylene Fibre Reinforcement Concrete at High Temperature.” Fire Technology, Vol. 50, No. 5, (2014), 1229–1247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-013-0332-y
  55. Zareei, S. A., Ameri, F., Bahrami, N., Shoaei, P., Musaeei, H. R., and Nurian, F. “Green high strength concrete containing recycled waste ceramic aggregates and waste carpet fibers: Mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties.” Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 26, (2019), 100914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100914
  56. Lourenco, L. A. P., Barros, J. A. O., and Alves, J. G. A. “Fiber Reinforced Concrete of Enhanced Fire Resistance for Tunnel Segments.” Special Publication, Vol. 276, (2011), 1–34. Retrieved from https://www.concrete.org/restrictedcountry.aspx
  57. Toghroli, A., Mehrabi, P., Shariati, M., Trung, N. T., Jahandari, S., and Rasekh, H. “Evaluating the use of recycled concrete aggregate and pozzolanic additives in fiber-reinforced pervious concrete with industrial and recycled fibers.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 252, (2020), 118997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118997
  58. Behnood, A., and Ghandehari, M. “Comparison of compressive and splitting tensile strength of high-strength concrete with and without polypropylene fibers heated to high temperatures.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 44, No. 8, (2009), 1015–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.07.001
  59. Guerrieri, M., Sanjayan, J., and Collins, F. “Residual strength properties of sodium silicate alkali activated slag paste exposed to elevated temperatures.” Materials and Structures, Vol. 43, No. 6, (2010), 765–773. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9546-3
  60. Manjunath, R., Narasimhan, M. C., and Umesha, K. M. “Studies on high performance alkali activated slag concrete mixes subjected to aggressive environments and sustained elevated temperatures.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 229, (2019), 116887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116887
  61. Chen, G. M., He, Y. H., Yang, H., Chen, J. F., and Guo, Y. C. “Compressive behavior of steel fiber reinforced recycled aggregate concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures.” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 71, (2014), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.012
  62. Ravikumar, C. S., and Thandavamoorthy, T. S. “Glass fibre concrete: Investigation on Strength and Fire Resistant properties.” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 3, (2013), 2320–2334. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/download/32785136/Glass_Fibre_Concrete-Investigation_on_Strength_and_Fire_Resistant_Properties.pdf
  63. Shoaei, P., Tahmasebi Orimi, H., and Zahrai, S. M. “Seismic reliability-based design of inelastic base-isolated structures with lead-rubber bearing systems.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 115, (2018), 589–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.09.033
  64. Khaneghahi, M. H., Najafabadi, E. P., Shoaei, P., and Oskouei, A. V. “Effect of intumescent paint coating on mechanical properties of FRP bars at elevated temperature.” Polymer Testing, Vol. 71, (2018), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.08.020
International Journal of Engineering
Volume 35, Issue 5
TRANSACTIONS B: Applications
May 2022
Pages 917-930

Files

Cited by

Share

How to cite

Statistics