Physical Modelling of a Strip Footing on a Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Wall Containing Tire Shred Subjected to Monotonic and Cyclic Loading

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

In this study, the mechanical behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) walls has been investigated through physical modeling subjected to strip footing monotonic and cyclic loads at various stress paths. The influence of footing location, stress level, post-cyclic behavior and sand-tire shred admixture on the lateral deformations of the wall facing, bearing capacity and the settlement beneath the footing were assessed. To this aim, 12 physical model tests were conducted with a scale of 1: 4. Results indicated that the bearing capacity has increased with the increase in the offset distance of the strip footing to the wall facing and adding tire shred to the backfill material, but the increase is more prominent by adding tire shred to the backfill material. The location of the footing from the wall facing was a crucial parameter on the deformation of facing and the failure mode of the footing. Failure in the facing was the predominant mode of failure in the near facing footing. However, a rupture in the geosynthetic caused failure in the footing far from facing footing. Also result of cyclic loading tests showed both permanent displacement and residual settlement accumulated with load cycles and a majority of them occurred over the first fifteen cycles. Depending on where strip footing was located, it may or may not induce a magnifying effect on subsequent cyclic loading responses.

Keywords

References

  1. Aggarwal, P., Sharma, K. G., Gupta K. K., “Modeling of unreinforced and reinforced pavement composite material using HISS model”, International Journal of Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 1, (2007), 13-22.
  2. Abbaszadeh, R., Vafaeian, M., “Laboratory model tests to study the behavior of soil wall reinforced by weak reinforcing layers”, International Journal of Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 4, (2008), 361-374.
  3. Bahrami, M., Marandi S. M., “Large-scale experimental study on collapsible soil improvement using encased stone columns”, International Journal of Engineering, Vol. 34, No. 5, (2021), 1145-1155, DOI: 5829/ije.2021.34.05b.08.
  4. Ehrlich, M., Mirmoradi SH. "Evaluation of the effects of facing stiffness and toe resistance on the behavior of GRS walls", Geotextile and Geomembranes 40, (2013), 28-36, DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2013.07.012.
  5. Mirmoradi, SH., Ehrlich, M. "Evaluation of the effect of toe restraint on GRS walls", Transportation Geotechnics, 8, (2016), 35-44, DOI: 10.1016/j.trgeo.2016.03.002.
  6. Ehrlich, M., Mirmoradi, SH., Saramago, RP. "Evaluation of the effect of compaction on the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls", Geotextile and Geomembranes, 34, (2012), 108-115, DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2012.05.005.
  7. Zheng, Y., Fox, PJ., McCartney, JS. "Numerical study of the compaction effect on the static behavior of a geosynthetic reinforced soil-integrated bridge system", Geotechnical Speccial Publications, (2017), 33-43, DOI: 1061/9780784480458.004.
  8. Mirmoradi, SH., Ehrlich, M., Chinchay, P., Dieguez, C. "Evaluation of the combined effect of facing inclination and uniform surcharge on GRS walls", Geotextile and Geomembranes, Vol. 47, 5, (2019), 685-691, DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2019.103485.
  9. Doger, R., Hatami, K. "Influence of facing on the performance of GRS bridge abutments", International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, Vol. 6, 4, (2020), DOI: 10.1007/s40891-020-00225-y.
  10. Helwany, SMB., Wu, JTH., Kitsabunnarat, A. "Simulating the behavior of GRS bridge abutments", journal of Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering, 33, (2007), 1229-1240, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:10(1229).
  11. Zheng, Y., Fox, PJ. "Numerical investigation of geosynthetic-reinforced soil bridge abutments under static loading", Journal of Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering, 142, (2016), 1-13, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001452.
  12. Ardah, A., Abu-farsakh, M., Voyiadjis, G. "Numerical evaluation of the performance of a geosynthetic reinforced soil-integrated bridge system (GRS-IBS) under different loading conditions", Geotextile and Geomembranes, Vol. 45, 6, (2017), 558-569, DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2017.07.005
  13. Abu-Farsakh, M., Ardah, A., Voyiadjis, G. "Numerical investigation of the performance of a geosynthetic reinforced soil-integrated bridge system (GRS-IBS) under working stress conditions", Geotechnical Special Publications, (2018), 76-87, DOI: 1061/9780784481608.008.
  14. Mirmoradi, SH., Ehrlich, M. "Experimental evaluation of the effects of surcharge width and location on geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls", International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, Vol. 19, (2019), 27-36, DOI: 1680/jphmg.16.00074.
  15. Helwany, SMB., Reardon, G., Wu, JTH. "Effects of backfill on the performance of GRS retaining walls", Geotextile and Geomembranes, Vol. 17, (1999), 1-16, DOI: 1016/S0266-1144(98)00021-1.
  16. Hatami, K. "Parametric analysis of reinforced soil walls with different backfill material properties", Geo engineering centre at queen’s-RMC royal military college of Canada, (2005).
  17. Hatami, K., Witthoeft, AF. "A numerical study on the use of geofoam to increase the external stability of reinforced soil walls", Geosynthetic International, Vol. 15, (2008), 452-470, DOI: 1680/gein.2008.15.6.452.
  18. Zheng, Y., Fox, PJ., McCartney, JS. "Numerical simulation of deformation and failure behaviour of geosynthetic reinforced soil bridge abutments", Journal of Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering, 144, No. 7, (2018), DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001893.
  19. Wu, JTH., Ooi, PSK. "Synthesis of geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) design topics", HWA-HRT-14-094, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., USA., (2015),
  20. Xiao, C., Han, J., Zhang, Z. "Experimental study on performance of geosynthetic-reinforced soil model walls on rigid foundations subjected to static footing loading", Geotextile and Geomembranes, Vol. 44, (2016), 81-94, DOI: 1016/j.geotexmem.2015.06.001.
  21. Masad, E., Taha, R., Ho, C., Papagiannakis, T. "Engineering properties of tire/soil mixtures as a lightweight fill material", Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 19, (1996), 297-304, DOI: 1520/GTJ10355J.
  22. Chaney, R., Demars, K., Feng, Z-Y. Sutter K. "Dynamic properties of granulated rubber/sand mixtures", Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 23 3, (2000), 338-344, DOI: 10.1520/GTJ11055J.
  23. Xiao, M., Bowen, J., Graham, M., Larralde, J. "Comparison of seismic responses of geosynthetically reinforced walls with tire-derived aggregates and granular backfills", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 24, (2012), 1368-1377, DOI: 1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000514.
  24. Iai, S. "Similitude for shaking table tests on soil-structure-fluid model in 1g gravitational field", Soils and Foundations, Vol. 29, (1989), 105-118, DOI: 3208/sandf1972.29.105.
  25. Komak Panah, A., Yazdi, M., Ghalandarzadeh, A. "Shaking table tests on soil retaining walls reinforced by polymeric strips", Geotextile and Geomembranes, Vol. 43, (2015), 148-161, DOI: 1016/j.geotexmem.2015.01.001.
  26. Latha, GM., Santhanakumar, P. "Seismic response of reduced-scale modular block and rigid faced reinforced walls through shaking table tests", Geotextile and Geomembranes, Vol. 43, (2015), 307-316, DOI: 1016/j.geotexmem.2015.04.008.
  27. ASTM D422-63. "Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils", ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA., (2007).
  28. Maroof, MA., Mahboubi, A., Noorzad, A., Safi, Y. "A new approach to particle shape classification of granular materials", Transportation Geotechnics, Vol. 22, (2020), DOI: 1016/j.trgeo.2019.100296.
  29. ASTM D4253. Standard test methods for maximum index density and unit weight of soils using a. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA., (2006).
  30. Indraratna, B., Sun, Q., Grant, J. "Behaviour of subballast reinforced with used tyre and potential application in rail tracks", Transportation Geotechnics, Vol. 12, (2017), 26-36, DOI: 1016/j.trgeo.2017.08.006.
  31. ASTM D6637. "Standard Test method for determining tensile properties of geogrids by the single or multi rib tensile method", ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. (2010).
  32. Xiao, C., Han, J., Zhang, Z. "Experimental study on performance of geosynthetic-reinforced soil model walls on rigid foundations subjected to static footing loading", Geotextile and Geomembranes, Vol. 44 1, (2015), 81-94, DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2015.06.001.
  33. Adams, M., Nicks, J., Stabile, T., Wu, J., Schlatter, W., Hartmann, J. "Geosynthetic reinforced soil integrated bridge system, Synthesis report", 64., (2011).
  34. Adams M.T., Saunders S.A. "Upper ouachita national wildlife refuge GRS abutments for replacement bridges", Presentation by Adams, M., and Saunders, S.A., FHWA., (2007).
  35. Zheng, Y., Fox, PJ., Mccartney, JS. "Numerical study on maximum reinforcement tensile forces in geosynthetic reinforced soil bridge abutments", Geotextile and Geomembranes, Vol. 46, (2018), 634-645, DOI: 1016/j.geotexmem.2018.04.007.
  36. Ramalakshmi, M., Dodagoudar, GR. "Passive force–

 

displacement behaviour of GRS bridge abutments", International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering, Vol. 4, (2018), DOI: 10.1007/s40891-018-0145-7.

  1. Prasad, DSV., Raju, GVRP. "Performance of waste tyre rubber on model flexible pavement", Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Vol. 4, (2009), 89-92.
  2. Munnoli, PM., Sheikh, S., Mir, T., Kesavan V, Jha R. "Utilization of rubber tyre waste in subgrade soil", IEEE Glob. Humanit. Technol. Conf. South Asia Satell., IEEE, (2013), 330-333, DOI: 1109/GHTC-SAS.2013.6629940.
  3. Yeo, B., Yen, SC., Puri, VK., Das, BM., Wright, MA. "A laboratory investigation into the settlement of a foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand due to cyclic load", Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 11, (1993), 1-14, DOI: 1007/BF00452917.
  4. El-Sawwaf, M., Nazir, AK. "Behaviour of repeatedly loaded rectangular footings resting on reinforced sand", Alexandria Engineering Journal, Vol. 49, (2010), 349-356, DOI: 1016/j.aej.2010.07.002.
  5. Moghaddas Tafreshi, SN., Dawson, AR. "Behaviour of footings on reinforced sand subjected to repeated loading- Comparing use of 3D and planar geotextile", Geotextile and Geomembranes, Vol. 28, (2010), 434-447, DOI: 1016/j.geotexmem.2009.12.007.
  6. Islam, MA., Gnanendran, CT. "Slope stability under cyclic foundation loading - Effect of loading frequency", Geo-Congress Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, (2013), 750-761, DOI: 1061/9780784412787.075.
  7. Khosrojerdi, M., Qiu, T., Xiao, M., Nicks, J. "Effects of backfill constitutive behaviour and soil–geotextile interface properties on deformations of geosynthetic-reinforced soil piers under static axial loading", Journal of Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering, 146, (2020), DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002313.
  8. Xie, Y., Leshchinsky, B., Han, J. "Evaluation of bearing capacity on geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures considering multiple failure mechanisms", Journal of Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering, 145, (2019), DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002072.
  9. Bathurst, RJ. "Challenges and recent progress in the analysis, design and modelling of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls", 10th International Conference of Geosynthetic ICG (2014).
  10. Ahmadi, H., Hajialilue-Bonab, M., "Experimental and analytical investigations on bearing capacity of strip footing in reinforced sand backfills and flexible retaining wall", Acta Geotechinca, Vol. 7, (2012), 357-373, DOI: 1007/s11440-012-0165-8.
  11. Li, L-H., Yu, C-D., Xiao, H-L., Feng, W-Q., Ma, Q., Yin, J-H. "Experimental study on the reinforced fly ash and sand retaining wall under static load", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 248, (2020), DOI: 1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118678.
  12. Mahgoub, A., El Naggar, H. "Innovative application of tire-derived aggregate around corrugated steel plate culverts", Journal of Pipeline Systems and Engineering Practices, Vol. 11, (2020), Article 04020025, DOI: 1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000466.
  13. Mahgoub, A., El Naggar, H. "Shallow foundations on lightweight TDA backfill: Field tests and 3D numerical modelling", Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 126, (2020), DOI: 1016/j.compgeo.2020.103761.
  14. Alam, MJI., Gnanendran, CT., Lo, SR. "Modelling the settlement behaviour of a strip footing on sloping sandy fill under cyclic loading conditions", Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 86, (2017), 181-92, DOI: 1016/j.compgeo.2017.01.010.

 

 

International Journal of Engineering
Volume 34, Issue 10
TRANSACTIONS A: Basics
October 2021
Pages 2266-2279

Files

Cited by

Share

How to cite

Statistics