Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Simulation of Strap-On Boosters Separation in the Atmosphere16417172441ENMostafa Jafari, Shahid Beheshti UniversityHamid ParhizkarDepartment of Aerospace Engineering, Amirkabir UniversitySadjad GhasemluDepartment of Aerospace Engineering, Amirkabir UniversityJournal Article19700101A numerical dynamic-aerodynamic interface for simulating the separation dynamics of constrained strap-on boosters jettisoned in the atmosphere is presented. A 6-DOF multi body dynamic solver ،using Constraint Force Equation Methodology is coupled with a numerical time dependent Euler flow solver. An automatic dynamic mesh updating procedure is employed using smoothing and local remeshing technique in respect of bodies motion during separation. This interface can simulate multi body separation problems such as strap-on boosters separation as a result of full separation mechanisms like springs, thrusters, joints and so on, interaction with aerodynamic effects .The flow solver is validated by the Titan-IV launch vehicle experimental data. The full separation integration is used for a typical launch vehicle with two strap-on boosters using spring ejector mechanism and spherical constraint joints acting in the dense atmosphere. Hence the aim of presented interface is to facilitate integration of complicated separation mechanisms simulation with a full numerical CFD aerodynamic solver.https://www.ije.ir/article_72441_ed7b4e94eba4514b12231b9911c7d495.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Estimation of LOS Rates for Target Tracking Problems using EKF and UKF Algorithms- a Comparative Study17217972442ENSaeid Niaziaerospace engineering, shahid beheshti universityJournal Article19700101One of the most important problem in target tracking is Line Of Sight (LOS) rate estimation for using from PN (proportional navigation) guidance law. This paper deals on estimation of position and LOS rates of target with respect to the pursuer from available noisy RF seeker and tracker measurements. Due to many important for exact estimation on tracking problems must target position and Line Of Sight rates estimated with least error rather than actual values. In this paper extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF) algorithms are used for estimation of target position in three-dimensional (3-D) and LOS rates in elevation and azimuth for seekers and trackers. For comparison of algorithms, model of the system simulated using MATLAB and many tests were carried out. Simulation experiments show that the efficiency of EKF due to least RMSE has better performance. However, the performance of EKF algorithm has been dramatically decreased when initializations (initial state assumption) are not near to real values, which in this condition UKF method provides a more accurate approximation. Numerical results from simulations show that the UKF is robust against uncertainties and has better state estimation accuracy. Therefore, UKF algorithm is appropriate, and it can run on target tracking systems https://www.ije.ir/article_72442_133ce7f8b6efc89d78002660c021b880.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Frictional Strain Hardening-softening in Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Arching Effect18018972443ENAlireza AbbasnejadCivil Engineering, University of TabrizG MoradiCivil Engineering, University of TabrizJournal Article19700101In the current paper the results of a numerical simulation that were verified by a well instrumented experimental procedure for studying the arching effect over a trapdoor in sand is presented. To simulate this phenomenon with continuum mechanics, the experimental procedure is modeled in ABAQUS code using stress dependent hardening in elastic state and plastic strain dependent frictional hardening-softening with Mohr Coulomb failure criterion applying user sub-routine. The apparatus comprises concentric circular trapdoors with different diameters that can yield downward while stresses and deformations are recorded simultaneously. As the trapdoor starts to yield, the whole soil mass deforms elastically. However, after an immediate specified displacement, depending on the diameter of the trapdoor, the soil mass behaves plastically. This behavior of sand occurs due to the flow phenomenon and continues until the stress on trapdoor is minimized. Then the failure process develops in sand and the measured stress on the trapdoor shows an ascending trend. This indicates gradual separation of the yielding mass from the whole soil body. Finally, the flow process leads to establish a stable vault of sand called arching mechanism or progressive collapse of the soil body.https://www.ije.ir/article_72443_1f580b2858d122cff4ef29e14fc14986.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Approximate Incremental Dynamic Analysis Using Reduction of Ground Motion Records19019772444ENHessam BaharmastEngineering, University of KurdistanSanaz RazmyanMathematics, Islamic Azad University, Firozkoh BranchAzad - YazdaniEngineering, University of KurdistanJournal Article19700101Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) requires the analysis of the non-linear response history of a structure for an ensemble of ground motions, each scaled to multiple levels of intensity and selected to cover the entire range of structural response. Recognizing that IDA of practical structures is computationally demanding, an approximate procedure based on the reduction of the number of ground motions is developed. A methodology based on data envelopment analysis (DEA), mathematical programming that can handle large numbers of variables and relations, is proposed to reduce the number of ground motions needed for the production of a reliable median IDA curve. The IDA curves computed by the exact and approximate procedures for two different sets of ground motions for the 9-storey SAC-Los Angeles building, are presented. The results demonstrate that the approximate procedure, which uses a limited number of input ground motions, is accurate enough for practical application in building evaluation and design.https://www.ije.ir/article_72444_d1aaa1bdfce2b5df31f96b7a1d307947.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance by Distributed Algorithm based on Reinforcement Learning (RESEARCH NOTE)19820472445ENHamidreza KoohiElectrical and computer, semnan univerJournal Article19700101In this paper we focus on the application of reinforcement learning to obstacle avoidance in dynamic Environments in wireless sensor networks. A distributed algorithm based on reinforcement learning is developed for sensor networks to guide mobile robot through the dynamic obstacles. The sensor network models the danger of the area under coverage as obstacles, and has the property of adoption of itself against possible changes. The proposed protocol can integrate the reward computation of the sensors with information of the intended place of robot so that it guides the robot step by step through the sensor network by choosing the safest path in dangerous zones. Simulation results show that the mobile robot can get to the target point without colliding with any obstacle after a period of learning.Also we discussed about time propagation between obstacle, goal, and mobile robot information. Experimental results show that our proposed method has the ability of fast adoption in real applications in wireless sensor networks.https://www.ije.ir/article_72445_720271f9ec6a8633fb60532d77a46bc1.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201A Novel Objective Function for Directional Overcurrent Relays Coordination20521372446ENSeyyed Hadi Mousavi Motlaghprotection and control group, zanjan regional electric companyJournal Article19700101Directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) are widely used to protect power systems. For optimal coordination of DOCRs, several techniques have been proposed to solve this problem. A common way of optimal coordination of DOCRs is using evolutionary algorithms such as genetic algorithm (GA). In this paper, a novel strategy for DOCRs coordination is proposed. In the proposed strategy, a new objective function (OF) is introduced. The proposed objective function can removed mis-coordination between paired relays and can result in better coordination. Proposed OF is applied to 6-bus and 30-bus sample networks. https://www.ije.ir/article_72446_66dfc53d64ed7ff0016c67702e404271.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201A New Balancing and Ranking Method based on Hesitant Fuzzy Sets for Solving Decision-making Problems under Uncertainty21422372447ENH. GitinavardSchool of Industrial Engineering , Iran University of Science and TechnologyS.M. MousaviIndustrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Shahed UniversityJournal Article19700101The purpose of this paper is to extend a new balancing and ranking method to handle uncertainty for a multiple attribute analysis under a hesitant fuzzy environment. The presented hesitant fuzzy balancing and ranking (HF-BR) method does not require attributes’ weights through the process of multiple attribute decision making (MADM) under hesitant conditions. For the rating of possible alternatives, firstly, they are defined as hesitant fuzzy terms and then converted into hesitant fuzzy sets. Second, an outranking matrix indicates that a possible alternative overcomes the other alternatives regarding to each chosen attribute. Third, the outranking matrix is triangularized; this means that we prepare provisional order of possible alternatives or implicit preordering under hesitant conditions. Eventually, the empirical order of alternatives goes through variant operations of balancing and screening that needs continuous application of a balancing axiom to the advantages–disadvantages table. It links incompatible attributes with pair-wise comparisons of the possible alternatives for the multiple attribute analysis. Finally, we present an application example for the supplier selection to show the applicability and feasibility of the proposed HF-BR method in the hesitant fuzzy setting.https://www.ije.ir/article_72447_36ba42180be0be9d1c03f8bd2b9a3960.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Estimating the Time of a Step Change in Gamma Regression Profiles Using MLE Approach22423372448ENFatemeh SogandiIndustrial Engineering, Shahed universityJournal Article19700101Sometimes the quality of a process or product is described by a functional relationship between a response variable and one or more explanatory variables referred to as profile. In most researches in this area the response variable is assumed to be normally distributed; however, occasionally in certain applications, the normality assumption is violated. In these cases the Generalized Linear Models (GLM) such as Gamma regression models are used to characterize the profile. Also, in statistical process control finding the real time of change in process, called as change point, is necessary because it leads to saving time and cost in finding assignable cause(s). Therefore, in this paper we consider Gamma regression profile and use maximum likelihood to estimate the real time of a step change in Phase II. We evaluate accuracy and precision of the proposed change point estimator by simulation. The results show the proposed change point estimator is effective in estimating the real time of step shifts in the process parameters of Gamma regression profiles. Also, a confidence set for the process change point based on the logarithm of the likelihood function is presented. Finally, the performance of the estimator is illustrated through a numerical example.https://www.ije.ir/article_72448_4b01a0ceb9fbe2e79465b146c0f07ec5.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Applications of Impedance Plane and Magnetic Differential Permeability in Microstructural Characterization of AISI D2 Tool Steel23424272449ENMehrdad KashefiMaterials and Metallurgical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of MashhadSaeed KahrobaeeMaterials and Metallurgical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of MashadJournal Article19700101Two nondestructive electromagnetic/magnetic techniques including hysteresis loop and eddy current methodologies have been used to characterize microstructural changes of AISI D2 cold work tool steel as a result of quench and tempering treatments. To measure the fraction retained austenite in quenched microstructure, six specimens were austenitized in the range of 1000-1130 °C. Samples austenitized at 1080 °C were also tempered in the range of 200-650 °C for characterization by eddy current and magnetic hysteresis loop outputs, nondestructively. Impedance point movement and maximum differential permeability were measured as a function of austenitizing/tempering temperature to characterize the microstructural features. The study shows that there are good correlations between microstructural variations detected by destructive methods (hardness, XRD and microscopic observation) and outputs of the nondestructive techniques.https://www.ije.ir/article_72449_6938c5c2b1e9c107f0a966e20b7a49a3.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Dynamic Behavior Analysis of a Planar Four-bar Linkage with Multiple Clearances Joint24325072450ENSeyyed Mojtaba Varedi KoulaeiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Babol University of TechnologyMorteza Dardel, Babol Noshirvani university of technologyJournal Article19700101 In practice, clearances in the joints are inevitable due to tolerances, and defects arising from design and manufacturing. In the presence of clearance at a joint, a mechanism gains some additional, uncontrollable degrees of freedom which are the source of error. Moreover, joints undergo wear and backlashes and so cannot be used in precision mechanisms. In this study, the dynamic behaviour of a planar mechanism with revolute joints, in the presence of clearances is investigated. A continuous contact force model, based on the elastic Hertz theory together with a dissipative term, is used to evaluate the contact forces. Moreover, using a new contact model the dynamic characteristics of planar mechanical system with multiple revolute joints in the presence of clearance are analyzed. Numerical results for four-bar linkage with one, two and three revolute clearance joints are presented and compared. https://www.ije.ir/article_72450_6a213c6c4f31431672c4c318550a3c5b.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Effects of Excess Air Ratio and Waste Gate Opening Pressure Threshold on Nox Emission and Performance in a Turbocharged CNG SI Engine25126072451ENShahaboddin KharazmiCenter of Excellence for energy convers,Mech. dept, Sharif Univ. of TechnologyJournal Article19700101Turbocharged CNG engines produce high NOx emission due to the fuel type and high combustion temperature. In this research, the effects of lean-burn and waste gate opening pressure threshold on NOx emission are studied theoretically and experimentally at WOT condition as well as 13-mode ECE-R49 test cycle. A code is developed in MATLAB environment for predicting engine NOx and the results are validated with the research experiments. Simulations show that NOx increases by increase of excess air ratio and reaches at most to 2486ppm at excess air ratio of 1.1 and then decreases. It is also experimentally found that changing waste gate opening pressure threshold from 165mmHg to 200 and 265mmHg decreases total bsNOx at a rate of 6% and 12% respectively. Increase of the threshold to 323mmHg increases total bsNOx. Therefore, to minimize the cycle bsNOx, the threshold of 265mmHg is the optimum threshold for the engine between the four pressure thresholds experimented.https://www.ije.ir/article_72451_b6b5b5a4445db0c9e58cef5f58f4fe37.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Simulation Study: The Role of Area to Volume Ratio and Key Parameters in Cylindrical Micro Combustors26126972452ENDenny WidhiyanuriawanMechanical Engineering, Brawijaya UniversitySlamet WahyudiMechanical Engineering, Brawijaya UniversitySudjito SoeparmanMechanical Engineering, Brawijaya UniversityWirawan WirawanMechainical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Malang (POLINEMA), Indonesia, http://www.polinema.ac.idJournal Article19700101Abstract A new micro combustion concept is described in this work by introducing a new terminology in the micro combustion. The effects of Area to Volume Ratio (AVR) of the micro-combustors were studied to find the best performance of designed micro-combustors. In order to test the feasibility of the designed micro combustors before the actual experiment is conducted, simulation work was performed. There are three key parameters involved in the current study: Area to Volume Ratio (AVR), Flow Velocity of the mixture (U), and Fuel-Air Equivalence Ration (ɸ). Main results of this experiment are images of temperature contour, graphs of temperature distribution profile, and graphs of mean temperature profile. This study found there is a specific range of mixture flow velocity (0.50 – 0.56 m/sec) which result a high and uniform temperature distribution as well as its best mean temperature of micro combustion process. The simulation work could also localized the specific range of AVR-value (1.40 – 2.01) which require further investigation in the future.https://www.ije.ir/article_72452_13b9ccfb5bad1ab8caf1706f90e8998b.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Application of Thau Observer for Fault Detection of Micro Parallel Plate Capacitor Subjected to Nonlinear Electrostatic Force27027672453ENGhader Rezazadehmechanical engineering, Urmia university0000-0001-5243-3199Hamed MobkiMecanical Engineering, Tabriz UniversityJournal Article19700101This paper investigates the fault detection of a micro parallel plate capacitor subjected to nonlinear electrostatic force. For this end Thau observer, which has good ability in fault detection of nonlinear system has been presented and governing nonlinear dynamic equation of the capacitor has been presented. Upper and lower threshold for fault detection have been obtained. The robustness of the observer to noise and uncertainty and sensitivity to fault has been investigated. Finally, simulation results for fault detection of the capacitor are presented and the ability of the observer in the vicinity of dynamic pull-in voltage has been checked.https://www.ije.ir/article_72453_777884716a51bdcae4d6014aa6d125c0.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Vibration Characteristics of Heavy Load Rackwith Split-hom together Structure (RESEARCH NOTE)27728372454ENYongqiao WeiSchool of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Sichuan UniversityRuqiang MouSchool of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Sichuan UniversityLi HouSchool of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Sichuan UniversityBo LiSchool of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Sichuan UniversityJournal Article19700101Split-hom together structure is a new heavy load rack structure, and its reliability needs to be verified. Through analyzing multimodal hom-connection principle from the perspective of bionics and contact mechanics, the article puts forward three kinds of hom-connection methods and establishes the finite element model and mathematical model of the rack. Afterwards, the finite element model and the mathematical model are separately performed modal analysis and numerical simulation. The results of modal analysis show that the two sides` pressure of hom bonding interfaces remain higher than the pressure making sub body slip when the rack has prestress, so the rack is safe. Meanwhile the results of numerical simulation indicate that the displacement and deformation of the rack is consistent with the results of modal analysis when occurring resonance and working in the eccentric loading condition. The results validate the reliability of the design on split-hom together rack.https://www.ije.ir/article_72454_32f460c22aaed55567bec9033d1f85dc.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201The Effect of Base Position on Maximum Allowable Load of Dual Arm Robots28429472455ENABOLFAZL JAVANMARDMechanical Engineering, University of ZanjanHASHEM GHARIBLUMechanical Engineering, University of Zanjan0000-0001-5500-2909Journal Article19700101 A new computational technique is presented to find the optimal base position of dual arm robots in order to carry maximum allowable load. The maximum allowable load on a desired trajectory is limited by the number of factors such as; actuators torque limits, kinematic constraints, and kinematic redundancy of cooperative manipulators. For a dual arm robot mounted on a rail or table, load workspace (LWS) is introduced as the union of places where the base can locate and robots carry a load on a desired trajectory. It is possible to increase the maximum allowable load by replacing the base of the arms robots in the LWS. By dividing the LWS into grid points, the base position of the rail mounted dual arm robot considered at each point. Using the Newton-Euler formulation and appropriate procedure, maximum allowable load of the robots in all points of the LWS are computed. Then, by iteration a smaller subspace near to optimum base position is selected until maximum allowable load and corresponding base position is found with acceptable precision. Finally, in two different cases the application of the proposed algorithm is presented and verified.https://www.ije.ir/article_72455_0a2fc03072aaca9aafca04b802d02856.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Effect of Activated Flux on Properties of SS 304 Using TIG Welding29029572456ENRavi DuhanMecanical Engineering, E-Max college of engineeringSuraj ChoudharyMecanical Engineering, Ambala College of Engineering and Applied ResearchJournal Article19700101In this experimental work, Manganese oxide (MnO2), Zinc oxide (ZnO), Iron oxide (Fe2O3) and Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) were used as activating flux to investigate the effects for SS 304 in tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. Ultimate tensile strength, percentage elongation, Penetration depth and width were studied of material SS 304. The experimental results indicated that the MnO2 and Fe2O3 fluxes increases the weld penetration depth and decrease the weld width but ZnO and MgCl2 fluxes shows a little effect on penetration depth and weld depth to width ratio compared with conventional TIG process. Since the activated TIG welding can increase the ultimate tensile strength and percentage elongation.https://www.ije.ir/article_72456_0dab76441e91330157a6409d2b2ef412.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Size Effect on Free Transverse Vibration of Cracked Nano-beams using Couple Stress Theory29630472457ENAmin JafariFaculty of Engineering, ShahreKord UniversityJournal Article19700101In this paper, the transverse vibration of cracked nano-beam has been studied based on modified couple stress theory. Crack is modeled by a rotational spring that creates a discontinuity. Frequency equations of cracked nano-beam with some typical boundary conditions are derived and the frequency parameter for different crack positions, crack parameter and length scale parameters value are calculated. According to the results, it can be found that the effects of the crack parameter and crack location on transverse frequency of the cracked nano-beam are significant. In addition, scale effect parameter is one of the important parameter in nanoscale that must be obtained. Finally, the results of special cases show good agreement with the results available in the literature.https://www.ije.ir/article_72457_fde5c95065f3919d992175c1e30e01bf.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Numerical Study on Improvement of Hydrofoil Performance using Vortex Generators (RESEARCH NOTE)30531372458ENHassan GhassemiMarine Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of TechnologyMohammad Javad KetabdariMarine Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of TechnologyArash AshrafiMarine Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of TechnologyJournal Article19700101In this paper the effects of rigid triangular passive vortex generators on a hydrofoil were investigated numerically. In the first step using the Finite Volume Method the bare hydrofoil were modeled and the results of lift and drag coefficients were validated using experimental data. In the next step the hydrofoil armed with vortex generators was modeled and its effect on the hydrofoil performance was examined. In the next step by introducing a source term into the momentum equation the vortex generators effect was considered. However their geometry was completely removed. The results showed that this can significantly decrease the computational memory and calculation time. The results also revealed that the use of vortex generators can delay the stall conditions by increase the stall angle leading to a higher lift coefficient in new stall angle and decreasing the drag coefficient. In a case study on NACA 0012 section profile results showed that the use of vortex generators increases the stall angle by 4 degrees and the lift coefficient at this point by 37%.https://www.ije.ir/article_72458_e753c516acd9dc55726e5b2e34580a9c.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201Investigation of Thermoelastic Damping in the Longitudinal Vibration of a Micro Beam31432072459ENGhader Rezazadehmechanical engineering, Urmia university0000-0001-5243-3199Rasoul Shabanimechanical engineering, Urmia universitySaber NajafiMechanical Engineering, Urmia UniversityMohammad MaroofiMechanical Engineering, Urmia UniversityJournal Article19700101In the design of high Quality factor (Q) micro or nano beam resonators, different dissipation mechanisms may have damaging effects on the quality factor. One of the major dissipation mechanisms is the thermoelastic damping (TED) that needs an accurate consideration for prediction. In this paper, thermoelastic damping of the longitudinal vibration of a homogeneous micro beam with both ends clamped have been investigated. A Galerkin method has been used to analyze thermoelastic damping for the first mode of vibration of the micro beam. Then the quality factor and longitudinal vibrations frequency are obtained. Changing of Quality factor versus geometrical properties and ambient temperature for different materials are plotted.https://www.ije.ir/article_72459_954b519704e89b8ca237af12a718b90b.pdfMaterials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-249528220150201A Simple Method for Modeling Open Cracked Beam32132972460ENMohammad Hassan GhasemiMechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of TechnologyAmar Mofid NakhaeiDepartment of solid Mechanics, Babol Noshirvani University of TechnologyMorteza Dardel, Babol Noshirvani university of technologyJournal Article19700101Abstract A simple method is proposed to model the open cracked beam structures. In this method, crack is modeled as a beam element. Hence cracked beam can be assumed to be a beam with stepped cross sections, and problem of determining natural frequency and mode shape of cracked beam, can be solved as determining these characteristics for a beam with different length and cross section. With this work, it is not necessary to model crack as lumped flexibility model in according to fracture mechanics and related sciences to obtain crack stiffness, and use this spring model of crack for further analysis.https://www.ije.ir/article_72460_b7dd26cc5cb531ab3709e88fe2b81136.pdf