Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101Image Enhancement via Reducing Impairment Effects on Image Components1267127472196ENA. Rostami GhadiHamid HassanpourJournal Article19700101In this paper, a new approach is presented for improving image quality. It provides a new outlook on how to apply the enhancment methods on images. Image enhancement techniques may deal with the illumination, resolution, or distribution of pixels values. Issues such as the illumination of the scene and reflectance of objects affect on image captures. Generally, the pixels value of an image is proportional to the illumination of point in the scene and the reflectance of the object. Indeed, the captured image is the results of illumination and reflectance of the object. Hence, impairment the image may be due to each of the illumination or reflectance component. In this paper it is shown that various types of impairments have different effects on the illumination and reflectance of image components. Studies show that impairment effect on an image depending on the type of the impairment on one component is more to another component. Unlike conventional methods which do enhancement process on the original image for any type of impairment, in this paper it is to reduce the impairement effects from image components. Results of this research show that image enhancement based on the proposed method has better results comparing to applying enhancement methods on original image.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101The Effects of Excitation Signal on the Resolution of the Liquid Crystal Capacitive Chemical and Biological Sensors1275128072197ENAlireza HassanzadehECE Department, Shahid Beheshti UniversityYang ZouECE Department, University of Alabama in HuntsvilleRobert LindquistECE Department, The University of Alabama in HuntsvilleJournal Article19700101In this paper excitation characteristics of the Liquid Crystal (LC) capacitive chemical and biological sensor are examined and the optimum frequency and voltage range for the sensor interface are introduced. Interdigitated capacitor has been used for the sensor capacitance measurement and two different molecular orientations, homeotropic and homogenous, have been considered. The LC sensor capacitance has been measured for different frequencies from 20Hz to 2MHz and voltages from 0/5V to 20V. In both cases, the effects of excitation on the capacitance value and the accuracy of the measurement are investigated. Simulation and experimental results support the proposed range of measurement.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101Object Recognition based on Local Steering Kernel and SVM1281128872198ENRamar Ahila PriyadharshiniElectronics and Communication Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering CollegeSelvaraj ArivazhaganPrincipal, Mepco Schlenk EngineeringJournal Article19700101The proposed method is to recognize objects based on application of Local Steering Kernels (LSK) as Descriptors to the image patches. In order to represent the local properties of the images, patch is to be extracted where the variations occur in an image. To find the interest point, Wavelet based Salient Point detector is used. Local Steering Kernel is then applied to the resultant pixels, in order to obtain the most promising features. The features extracted will be over complete so in order to reduce dimensionality, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied. Further, the sparse histogram is taken over the PCA output. The classifier used here is Support Vector Machine (SVM) Classifier. Bench mark database used here is UIUC car database and the results obtained are satisfactory. The results obtained using LSK kernel is compared by varying parameters such as patch size, number of salient points/patches, smoothing parameter and scaling parameter.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101Predictive Controlled GSP Performance Improvement with an Integrated ℋ2/ℋ∞ (TECHNICAL NOTE)1289129872199ENMahdy Rezaei Darestani, KNTUAli KhakiSedighElectrical Engineering, KNTUJournal Article19700101To improve the performance of a robust control, in presence of internal or external disturbance and uncertainties, to make a smooth tracking and elimination of high frequency disturbances especially in accurate systems with minimum power consumption an integration of robust optimal controller considered. Here, derivation and implementation of the proposed controller based on the combination of and controllers to use their characteristics against unknown disturbances is considered. The proposed controller was implemented on a 3 axis gyro-stabilized MIMO platform. The results which express the control designer desires, compared to the implemented NLPID and a single controller on the same system.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101Suppression of Chaotic Behavior in Duffing-holmes System using Backstepping Controller Optimized by Unified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm1299130672200ENAlireza KhosraviElecctrical Engineering, Noshirvani University of Technology, BaboReza Gholipour, babol university of technologyJournal Article19700101The nonlinear behavior analysis and chaos control for Duffing-Holmes chaotic system is discussed in the paper. In order to suppress the irregular chaotic motion, an optimal backstepping controller is designed. The backstepping method consists of parameters with positive values. The improper selection of the parameters leads to inappropriate responses or even may lead to instability of the system. In this paper, the Unified particle swarm optimization (UPSO) algorithm is utilized to determine the convenient and optimal values of the parameters. The minimized objective function via UPSO algorithm is a weighted sum of the Integral of Time multiplied Absolute Error (ITAE) and squared control signal. Fast control of chaos in a very short time and having more limited control signal for this purpose, are the great advantages of the proposed controller. Numerical simulations show the high performance of this method for chaos elimination in Duffing-Holmes system.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101Using Modified IPSO-SQP Algorithm to Solve Nonlinear Time Optimal Bang-Bang Control Problem1307132272201ENR. GhaderiElecterical & Computer Engineering, Shahid Beheshti UniversityAbolfazl RanjbarControl, Babol Noshirvani university of TechnologyTahereh TaleshianElecterical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of TechnologyJournal Article19700101In this paper, an intelligent-gradient based algorithm is proposed to solve time optimal bang-bang control problem. The proposed algorithm is a combination of an intelligent algorithm called improved particle swarm optimization algorithm (IPSO) in the first stage of optimization process together with a gradient-based algorithm called successive quadratic programming method (SQP) in the second stage of the process. The proposed algorithm is called MIPSO-SQP algorithm which in essence is a modification of the previous IPSO-SQP algorithm (PIPSO-SQP). New steps in optimization process of the proposed MIPSO-SQP algorithm causes the algorithm to reach to global optimal solution regardless of any guess of the initial control input and/or the number of switching. Validity of results is verified through adding some arcs to present arcs. The proposed algorithm is successfully applied in time optimal bang-bang control of the Van Der Pol equations, Rayleigh system and F8 aircraft model. A comparison study is also performed to assess the performance of MIPSO-SQP with respect of PIPSO-SQP. It is shown that MIPSO-SQP algorithm is more effective than PIPSO-SQP algorithm due to ability to find global optimum solution in less iteration and in a more systematic way.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101The Effect of Corrugations on Mechanical Sensitivity of Diaphragm for MEMS Capacitive Microphone1323133072202ENBahram Azizollah GanjiElectrical Engineering, Babol University of TechnologyMehdi TaybiElectrical & Computer Engineering, Babol University of TechnologyJournal Article19700101In this paper the effect of corrugated diaphragm on performance of MEMS microphone is described. The corrugated diaphragm is modeled in order to improve the sensitivity of micromachined silicon acoustic sensor. Analytical analyzes have been carried out to derive mathematic expressions for the mechanical sensitivity and displacement of corrugated diaphragm with residual stress. It is shown that the mechanical sensitivity and displacement of diaphragm can be modeled using thin plate theory. The mechanical stress of corrugated diaphragm is calculated using mathematical model and its relationship to residual stress is expressed. The analytically result show that the mechanical sensitivity of diaphragm can be increased using corrugation. Because the corrugation can be reduce the effect of residual stress of diaphragm.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101Modeling of capacitance and sensitivity of a MEMS pressure sensor1331133672203ENMojtaba Shams NateriElectrical Engineering, Babol University of Technology0000-0002-6266-5425Bahram Azizollah GanjiElectrical Engineering, Babol University of TechnologyJournal Article19700101In this paper modeling of capacitance and sensitivity for MEMS capacitive pressure sensor is presented. In capacitive sensor the sensitivity is proportional to deflection and capacitance changes versus pressure. Therefore first the diaphragm displacement, capacitance and sensitivity of sensor with square diaphragm have been modeled and then simulated using finite element method (FEM). It can be seen that the analytical results are very agreement with simulation. The results also show that the high sensitivity can be achieaved by decreasing the diaphragm thickness and increasing the diaphragm size.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101A New Design of Dual Band Phase Shifter using MEMS Technology1337134672204ENAlieh RazeghiElecterical Engineering, Babol University of TechnologyBahram Azizollah GanjiElectrical Engineering, Babol University of TechnologyJournal Article19700101Abstract - This paper presents a new design of microwave microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) phase shifter for dual band wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. A bit is designed which product a constant phase shift of 11.25° by switching between two line that consist of 12 and 6 unitcells in each frequency band. A unitcell is constructed by gold membrane suspended over the coplanar waveguide (CPW) that can be moved vertically by electrostatic actuation which can ultimately be used for changing the operating frequency band. Two states of unitcell are used to switch between two frequency bands of 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz (IEEE 802.11 standard employed in dual band WLAN systems). First, a closed form equation of simplified model of structure is obtained. Then using this equation and advanced design system (ADS) simulator, the dual band phase shifter is designed. The validation of modeling and equations are demonstrated using the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). At the frequency of 2.4 GHz, maximum return and insertion losses are -16.96 and -0.12 dB, respectively that exhibit a phase shift efficiency of 93.75 °/dB (60.22 °/cm). At the frequency of 5.2 GHz, maximum return and insertion loss are -16.86 and -0.15 dB, respectively exhibiting a phase shift efficiency of 75 °/dB (60.22 °/cm). The new proposed design is only to achieve a dual band phase shifter using MEMS technology which has low loss and weight with high linearity respect to the other technologies.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101Real Time Implementation of a License Plate Location Recognition System Based on Adaptive Morphology1347135672205ENOmid Sharifi TehraniElectrical Engineering, Islamic Azad UniversityNavid DaneshmandPourElectrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University majlesi branchMohsen AshourianElecterical Engineering, Islamic Azad university of Majlesi BranchPayman MoallemDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering0000-0001-7891-293XJournal Article19700101License plate recognition (LPR) by using morphology has the advantage of resistance to brightness changes; high speed processing, and low complexity. However these approaches are sensitive to the distance of the plate from the camera and imaging angle. Various assumptions reported in other works might be unrealistic and cause major problems in practical experiences. In this paper we considered morphological approaches and improved them by using adaptive techniques to achieve more compatibility with practical applications. We examined the developed system on several car plate image databases with different conditions like different camera distance, and different car views. The average achieved rate of success was 89.95% for car plate location recognition, which is around 6.0% higher than previous related report of morphological methods. We further implemented the system on an FPGA platform.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101Systematic Approach to Design a Finite Time Convergent Differentiator in Second Order Sliding Mode Controller1357136872206ENSeyed Mehdi Rakht AlaElecterical and control Engineering, Babol Noshivani University of ThecnologyJournal Article19700101This paper presents a systematic approach to design a Lyapunov based super twisting differentiator. The differentiator will be shown convergent in a finite time whilst the relevant time is accurately estimated. This differentiator is the main part to establish the sliding surface in higher order sliding mode. The differentiator is used in the prescribed control structure to regulate pressures of hydrogen and oxygen of a nonlinear Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) to prolong the stack life. The aim of the control strategy is to minimize and keep the deviation between the pressures of hydrogen and oxygen. The deviation forms a sliding surface, where its appropriate differentiation is required in the control law. It is why to reconstruct finite time derivatives in a closed-loop control. Finally, simulation result and a comparative study verify the performance of the proposed differentiator and the control structure to provide convergent estimator in finite time.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101Analysis of Photovoltaic Module Resistance Characteristics1369137672207ENLei PanSchool of Control and Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin ChengJian UniversityJournal Article19700101Abstract: This paper proposes a new analysis method for photovoltaic (PV) modules. The main objectives are to obtain the resistance parameters of PV modules by adjusting I-V equation and voltage equation of diode and to find the relationship between resistance parameters and power. Firstly, values of serial resistance and parallel resistance at maximum power point are concluded. Secondly, the curves of serial resistance and parallel resistance are concluded when load increased from zero to infinity. Thirdly, the relationship between parallel resistance and power is obtained and the influence caused by ignorance of resistances is analyzed. Finally, simulation and experimental results of photovoltaic module show that the method is correct and feasible.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101New Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverter1377138472208ENNandhini GayathriElectrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA UniversityJournal Article19700101This paper proposes a single-phase five-level inverter with a modified pulse width-modulated (PWM)control scheme. The modified pulse width-modulation technique is developed to reduce switching loss.Also, the proposed multilevel inverter can reduce the requirement of power switches compared to aconventional cascaded multilevel inverter. The modes of operation, control signals, and operatingprinciple of the proposed inverter are analyzed. The inverter is capable of producing five levels ofoutput-voltage (Vs, Vs/2, 0, −Vs, −Vs/2) from the dc supply voltage. In particular,aspects of total harmonic distortion (THD) for the proposed multilevel converters are discussed. Thehybrid cascaded H-Bridge inverter with very low switching losses is ideal for such operations Thebehaviour of the inverter has been analyzed with the simulation results. In this paper a new fivelevel inverter with reduced number of switches is proposed and Matlab/Simulink results arepresented.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101New Technique for Global Solar Radiation Forecast using Bees Algorithm (RESEARCH NOTE)1385139272209ENFatemeh Bagheri TolabiEngineering, Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaMohammad.H MoradiEngineering, Bu Ali sina university- IranJournal Article19700101Estimation of solar radiation is the most important parameter for various solar energy systems. Expensive devices are required to achieve the amount of solar radiation for a special region, therefore different models have been proposed by researchers to estimate the solar radiation that obviate using such devices. Nonlinear nature and excessive dependence on the meteorological parameters of these models, caused the researchers look for quickly and efficiently methods to solve them and find solar radiation for a specific region. In this paper, a new method based on the Angstrom model is introduced to estimate the monthly average daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface by Bees Algorithm as a heuristic and population-based search technique implemented in MATLAB software. The experimental coefficients for Angstrom model are calculated for six different climate regions of Iran using proposed program written in the software environment. The comparison between results obtained from the proposed method and other techniques proves the efficiency and predominance of the new method to find the more accurate amount of solar radiation.Materials and Energy Research CenterInternational Journal of Engineering1025-2495261120131101Optimization Capabilities of LMS and SMI Algorithm for Smart Antenna Systems (RESEARCH NOTE)1393140072210ENSumant KatiyalElectronics & Communications Engineering, SOE, DAVV, IndorePramod C. SharmaElectronics & Communications Engineering, SDBCT, IndoreAmit UdawatElectronics & Communications Engineering, Acropolis Technical Campus, Ralamandal, IndoreJournal Article19700101In the present paper convergence characteristics of Sample matrix Inversion (SMI) and Least Mean Square (LMS) adaptive beam-forming algorithms (ABFA) are compared for a Smart Antenna System (SAS) in a multipath environment. SAS are employed at base stations for radiating narrow beams at the desired mobile users. The ABFA are incorporated in the digital signal processors for adjusting the weights to adjust the beam on the desired user and generate null in the direction of interferer. SMI and LMS algorithms are used with SAS for improving the performance of wireless communication system by optimizing the radiation pattern according to the signal environment. This can enhance the coverage and capacity of the system in multipath environment by reducing the interference and noise. The data rate can be enhanced by mitigating fading due to cancellation of multipath components. In this paper optimization capabilities of SMI and LMS are considered by changing of parameters. The results reveal improvement in gain, speed of convergence and reduction in side-lobe level.