Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Efficient Removal of Copper Ion from Aqueous Solution using Crosslinked Chitosan Grafted with Polyaniline
305
312
EN
H.
Zare
0000-0003-0784-660X
Department of Chemical Engineering, Buein Zahra Technical University, Buein Zahra, Qazvin, Iran
hv.zare@gmail.com
H.
G. Taleghani
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
h.taleghani@umz.ac.ir
J.
Khanjani
Department of Chemical, Materials and Polymer Engineering, Buein Zahra Technical University, Qazvin, Iran
jaber.khanjani@gmail.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.01
A high-performance adsorbent was produced by grafting polyaniline onto biopolymer chitosan. The morphological structure of cross-linked chitosan grafted with polyaniline was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Functional groups of the synthesized adsorbent were identified by Fourier- transform infrared. The performance of the prepared adsorbent was examined by batch adsorption experiments. The adsorption studies were performed with different operating parameters such as contact time, initial pH, adsorbent dosage and temperature. To evaluate adsorption isotherms, Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich models were fitted to obtained data and the isotherm parameters were determined. Kinetics of the adsorption was studied by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. It was observed that the obtained data were fitted more accurately with the pseudo-second-order model than the pseudo-first-order model. At optimum conditions, the maximum capacity and the removal efficiency of copper ions adsorption were obtained 131.58 mg/g and 92.5%, respectively. The regeneration efficiency and the removal efficiency of regenerated adsorbent were 97.7 and 90.4%, respectively. The results revealed the adsorbent has a great potential for adsorption of Cu (II) from aqueous solution
Copper ions,Chitosan,Polyaniline,Removal Efficiency,Adsorption Isotherms,Kinetic Models
https://www.ije.ir/article_124918.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_124918_98ff72186c4b8577b93a21ec2a0f7a74.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Analytical Stress Analysis in Single-lap Adhesive Joints under Buckling
313
318
EN
F.
Marchione
0000-0003-4178-1395
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Architettura (DICEA), Università Politecnica delle Marche, via B. Bianche, Ancona, Italy
f.marchione@pm.univpm.it
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.02
Adhesive joints find numerous applications in various industrial fields. They represent a valid alternative to traditional joining methods. Much of the available scientific literature has focused on the study of adhesive joints subjected to tensile loads. There have also been numerous studies concerning the stresses distributions in the adhesive layer. However, in real case applications, adhesive joints could also be subject to cyclic tensile-compression loads and therefore could be subject to buckling phenomena. The objective of the present paper is to investigate the numerical study of the stress distribution in the adhesive layer under buckling condition. The study presented develops with the analysis of a single-lap joint with a combination of steel adherends and three different structural adhesives with different thickness and Young’s modulus. The joints are modeled using FE ANSYS©19 software. Through numerical analyzes, it is possible to predict the value of the critical load for each single analyzed combination. Once the critical load is determined, the stresses in the middle plane of the adhesive layer are determined. The results obtained show that for small adhesive thicknesses (i.e. 0.30 mm) it is possible to reduce the stress peaks - with the same critical load value - by using structural adhesives with low elastic modulus (e.g. silicones).
Buckling load,Single-lap Adhesive Joint,Adhesively Bonded Joints,Stress Distribution
https://www.ije.ir/article_124927.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_124927_fff94a169dc38baf58de974bb576f4b4.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Essential Improvements in Gypsum Mortar Characteristics
319
325
EN
M.
Hashempour
0000-0002-7695-3479
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology
m.hashempour@aut.ac.ir
A.
A. Samani
Department of Civil Engineering, Qom University, Qom, Iran
a.asaadsamani@stu.qom.ac.ir
A.
Heidari
Department of Civil Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
aliheidari1@yahoo.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.03
< p>Gypsum mortar is a common building material that can be used especially for plastering the walls. This mortar has three important weaknesses which can limit the gypsum mortar for building and statue construction. First; it has low compressive strength. Second; it has high water absorption, and third; it has low setting time. In the current study, cement, Nano silica, and a superplasticizer with polycarboxylate ether were used for solving the problems. The results showed that using cement with providing C-S-H can improve the mortar strength trend line. The results showed significant growth of 28<sup>th</sup> day compressive strength (from 9 MPa to 45 MPa). Using Nano silica increases the compressive strength by making C-S-H dense and decreases the water absorption to 1/3 of the control sample. Consuming polycarboxylate ether causes the uniform dispersion of Nanoparticles through mortar. This even diffusion blocks the pores and reduces their mean dimensions. The ANOVA test was used to find the main effective parameters on the 28<sup>th</sup> day compressive strength, water absorption, and setting time. In this regard, Nano silica (49.82% contribution), cement content (56.68% contribution), and superplasticizer (73.10% contribution) have the main roles in compressive strength, water absorption, and setting time, respectively.
Gypsum,cement,Compressive strength,water absorption,nano silica,Mortar
https://www.ije.ir/article_125089.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125089_3b1bf222fb60e8818b32f9e81a7c6bcb.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Study of Bond Strength of Plain Surface Wave Type Configuration Rebars with Concrete: A Comparative Study
326
335
EN
S.
B.
Wani
0000-0003-2633-7464
Department of Civil Engineering, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, India
shoibbwani@gmail.com
M.
S.
Haji Sheik Mohammed
Department of Civil Engineering, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, India
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.04
This study investigates the bond strength behaviour of plain surface wave type configuration (PSWC) rebars in comparison to mild steel (MS) and high yield strength deformed (HYSD) rebars of varied rib configuration as per BIS and ASTM standards. The variables in the rebar include plain surface, curved surface, parallel rib, diamond rib and Nano modified cement polymer anticorrosive coating (CPAC). Total of 30 pull-out specimens and 12 beam-end specimens were put to a pull-out test following BIS and ASTM standard respectively. The load corresponding to 0.025mm free end (FE) slip and 0.25mm loaded end (LE) slip were carefully observed. The load-deflection behaviour, appearance of the first crack in the specimens and ultimate failure load was recorded. The experimental results showed that as compared to MS rebars, HYSD rebars offer an approximately threefold increase in ultimate bond strength and 1.5 times increase in usable bond strength irrespective of varied rib configuration. PSWC rebars with 4mm offset and 80mm pitch offered 2.4 times increase in ultimate strength and 76.2% increase in usable bond strength as compared to MS rebars. The ultimate pull-out load of PSWC rebars was around 25% and the usable bond strength was only 8.6% lesser than HYSD rebars with parallel ribs. The adopted coating enhanced the corrosion resistance and the reduction in bond strength with any surface configuration was less than the permissible maximum reduction of 20% as specified in IS 13620-1993. Hence it can be concluded that PSWC rebars offered promising bond strength results and upon further optimization and study in other aspects, PSWC rebars can be a way to replace HYSD rebars in future for enhancing concrete durability at zero added cost.
reinforced concrete,Bond strength,Mild Steel Rebar,plain,Surface Wave Type Configuration Rebar,High Yield Strength,Def Rebar,Durability,Rib Configuration
https://www.ije.ir/article_122807.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_122807_338fadda5ba1868e28633090d08d275b.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Planned Special Event Travel Demand Model Development
336
347
EN
M
E.Ergin
Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Transportation Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
meergin@ticaret.edu.tr
H.
O.
Tezcan
0000-0002-6036-9323
Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Transportation Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
tezcanhu@itu.edu.tr
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.05
When a planned special event (PSE) is mentioned, large and international organizations are considered. These organizations attract so many people all around the world to local points. However, relatively small scale PSEs such as ordinary league games that are organized once every two weeks that impact the daily traffic of the cities especially metropolitans, are neglected. This paper focuses on the travel demand modelling of the ordinary super league games in Istanbul. As a purpose of this paper, in order to obtain a customizable and standalone PSE model, survey design and data collection procedures, a new methodology for trip generation, trip distribution, and modal split steps of the traditional 4-step demand modelling are considered. With the opportunity provided by the newly proposed methodology, unlike most previous studies in literature, all trips and activities in the same day with the PSE are taken into the modelling process. Because of the nature of the PSEs, participants prefer to perform additional (derived) activities in the time between leaving the origin and joining the PSE. Accordingly, 1, 2, and 3-step groups are defined, and the shape of trip length distributions are different not only from the peak hours but also from each other. At the end, the model estimation and development of the PSE travel demand model are presented with conclusions and suggestions.
Choice Model,Planned Special Event,Survey Methodology,Traditional 4-step model,Travel Demand Analysis
https://www.ije.ir/article_124925.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_124925_1a0c3a22b56ea74a54a2b506219cfb40.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
The Post-disaster House: Simple Instant House using Lightweight Steel Structure, Bracing, and Local Wood Wall
348
354
EN
I.N.
Sutarja
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty Of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali Indonesia
nsutarja@unud.ac.id
M.D.W
Ardana
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineerring, Udayana University, Bali Indonesia
madedodiek@unud.ac.id
I.D.G.A.D
Putra
0000-0001-6029-8396
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bali Indonesia
diasanaputra@unud.ac.id
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.06
Losing a house is the biggest threat to people during natural disasters, such as earthquakes that are frequent natural hazards in Indonesia. Post-disaster housing reconstruction becomes a construction challenge to build adequate houses contributing to personal safety, health and comfort. The invention of a simple ergonomic instant house using lightweight steel structure, bracing, and the local wood walls is urgently needed. This invention is proposed to provide quick and low-cost mass construction house which meet safety and comfort requirements. The house is designed in 6 meters by 3.5 meters while the height of the ceiling is 2.8 meters. The house's front side is equipped with a door and a window, while at the back is equipped with a window. The six criteria for appropriate technology are considered in the construction method. The criteria include technical, ergonomic, social and cultural, energy-saving systems, and environmentally friendly. The scheme of systemic, holistic, interdisciplinary and participatory (SHIP) is considered at stages of design, construction and maintenance. The structure system is analyzed with a 3D model of the finite element method using SAP-2000. The given questionnaires' feedback assesses the satisfaction of the residents living in the house. The conclusions are included in five substances: (1) The house materials are lightweight steels, bracings, and local wood; (2) The structure should meet the safety requirement; (3) The house satisfies the requirement of safety and health; (4) The residents are satisfied and positively improve their living conditions following the disaster; (5) The house satisfies a simple ergonomic house.
Ergonomic,earthquakes,natural hazard,safety,Comfort
https://www.ije.ir/article_123126.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_123126_373b99d1679ecd58a0ed3c4742b75d2e.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Earthquake prediction modeling using dynamic changes (Case Study: Alborz Region)
355
366
EN
T.
Sadeghian
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and technology, Shahid Ashrafi Isfahani University, Isfahan, Iran
tadbirtara@gmail.com
M.
E. Babadi
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and technology, Shahid Ashrafi Isfahani University, Isfahan, Iran
manuchehr.1947@gmail.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.07
This study aims to investigate the computational effect of Earth's viscosity on the Coulomb stress changes. Therefore, several large earthquakes in the Alborz region are selected and Coulomb stress changes are calculated in them, then the Coulomb stress temporal changes are shown by assuming the earth as an elastic layer on a viscous- elastic half-space. The spatial and temporal changes of the crustal deformation process associated with earthquakes depend on several parameters including the thickness of the lithosphere, viscosity of the asthenosphere, and dip angle of fault. The findings of this study are presented by determining the impact of modeling results on each of the input parameters through the sensitivity analysis of co-seismic and post-seismic deformation due to the dip-slip and strike-slip faulting. In addition to the useful results reported for the impact of parameters, the obtained results indicate the occurrence of numerous aftershocks in a region with increased Coulomb stress from 0.1 to 0.8 bar and the non-occurrence or low-occurrence of aftershocks in a region with reduced Coulomb stress. In addition to the predicted locations of aftershocks, it is also possible to determine the location of the next major earthquake using Coulomb stress change calculations.
Earth viscosity,Earthquake prediction,Coulomb stress,dynamic changes,Rudbar Earthquake
https://www.ije.ir/article_125135.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125135_7f8e3fa1ae42204fad01ca55775f8c64.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Influence of Plastic Fiber on the Geotechnical Properties of Gypseous Soil
367
374
EN
Sh.
AbdulRahman
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
40336@uotechnology.edu.iq
M.
Y.
Fattah
0000-0002-4356-651X
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
40011@uotechnology.edu.iq
E.
A.
Ihsan
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
elaf18885@gmail.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.08
In the last five decades, the rise of the plastic industry led to increase in the waste of plastic in the environment, therefore the scientists were thinking to reduce plastic waste by recycling the plastic. On the other hand, there is a problem of collapse of gypseous collapsible soil upon wetting. In this paper, one of the methods to recycling plastic is adopted to improve the gypseous soil by mixing with 1% plastic fiber to increase the shear strength and improve collapsibility of soil at the state of saturation or soil wetting. The soil used is classified as SW-SM, the gypsum content is 39% and the relative density is equal to 73%.Fiber plastic is made from plastic waste in the environment of investigation. Several tests were conducted on the soil such as collapse test, direct shear test, also model loading test on the soil before and after mixing with fiber plastic. The worst case of gypsum soil is at saturation by rain or groundwater rise which was simulated during the loading test. It was concluded that the value of soil cohesion gradually increases from 2 MPa at the state of the natural soil to 11 MPa after mixing with 1% of plastic fibers. From the three model loading tests, the load carrying capacity of a model footing on submerged gypseous soil increased from 2.66 MPa for untreated soil to 4.8 MPa when the soil is mixed with 1% plastic fiber and extended to a depth of 0.5 B. The earing capacity also increased to 6.8 MPa when the soil is mixed with 1% plastic fiber and extended to a depth of B.
Fiber plastic,Collapse,Gypseous soil,direct shear strength
https://www.ije.ir/article_124921.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_124921_ac3d5a1f95066f93d7a368eb3b25185a.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Orthotropic Coefficients and Continuity Factors of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Supported on 3-sides
375
381
EN
S.
Gupta
D.A.V. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Punjab, India
sushantgupta1994@gmail.com
H.
Singh
D.A.V. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Punjab, India
hvs1221@gmail.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.09
The analysis and design of reinforced concrete slabs supported on 3-sides in masonry or reinforced concrete construction involve analytical formulations. In published analytical formulations, orthotropic coefficients and continuity factors are unknown parameters. To obtain moment carrying capacity of the slabs using available formulations, these factors must be required. In this research work, these orthotropic coefficients and continuity factors are presented for transverse loaded RC rectangular slabs supported on three sides under uniform area loading at top face of the slab. These coefficients were obtained using FEA (Finite element Analysis) based Structural Analysis Program (SAP) software. It is also validated with FEA (Finite element Analysis) based SCIA Engineer software and published formulations. It have been observed that obtained results are well comparable with published literature and FEM based software. Results presented in this research paper are conducive to predict the moment-field of the reinforced concrete rectangular slabs supported on three sides having one edge is unsupported. These coefficients will be very helpful for structural designers dealing with reinforced concrete slabs supported on three sides.
Concrete,Moment-field,Analysis,finite element analysis
https://www.ije.ir/article_123138.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_123138_ee8d54c174885dc28d57e4b62a7065ae.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Behavior and Strength of Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-compacting Concrete Columns Wrapped by Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Strips
382
392
EN
S.
A.
Abbas
Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
40348@uotechnology.edu.iq
I.
F.
Ali
The Ministry of Transport and Communications, Baghdad, Iraq
bkburailway@gmail.com
A.
A.
Abdulridha
Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
11608@uotechnology.edu.iq
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.10
Strength capacity of reinforced concrete columns is very important to resists and transmit the external loadings. For Architects the engineerings requirements to use small cross section of reinforced concrete columns or in case of poor control quality we need to increase the compressive strength of concrete or use a strengthening technique of the structural elements such as column. In the present paper, the behavior and strength of four steel fiber reinforced self-compact concrete columns reinforced by one layer of CFRP that is wrapped around a square of reinforced concrete columns subjected to static loads is investigated. Self-compacting concrete by using limestone powder is adopted and is mixed with different percentages of steel fiber such as 1%, 1.5% and 2%. Different tests are adopted to investigate the mechanical properties of self-compacted concrete mixed with different steel fiber percentages. Test results show that there is an increase in concrete mechanical properties such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture that reflects on the increase in load capacity of column; specimens when wrapped by CFRP. The increment in columns strength capacity is more than 50% as compared with the control column. All the test specimens are modeled using finite element analysis by ANSYS and the numerical results are compared with tested specimens.
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers,Finite Element,Mechanical properties,RC columns,Self-Compacted Concrete,Steel Fibers
https://www.ije.ir/article_125083.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125083_3fc7680e457e6b947d02fba1c77982b3.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Utilizing the Modified Popovics Model in study of effect of water to cement ratio, size and shape of aggregate in concrete behavior
393
402
EN
S.A
Haj Seiyed Taghia
0000-0002-9304-7427
Department of civil Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
ali.taghia@qiau.ac.ir
H.R.
Darvishvand
0000-0003-2042-2043
Department of civil Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
hr.darvishvand@qiau.ac.ir
M.
Ebrahimi
Engineering Technology Department, South Carolina State University, SC, USA
mebrahim@scsu.edu
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.11
Three parameters, size, shape of aggregate, and water to cement ratio, play important role on concrete behavior. To study the effect of these parameters, two types of aggregates were used, rounded (river) and sharped corners (broken). The maximum sizes of aggregates were chosen to be 9.5, 12.5, 19 and 25 mm for water to cement ratio were 0.35, 0.42, 0.54 and 0.76. In this investigation, the total of 32 mixed designs were made. The stress-strain tests were performed on the entire samples, and the results were compared with the Popovics model. To further evaluate the analysis, three criteria, correlation coefficient, variation coefficient, and percentage of change in energy absorption were demonstarted. Analysis showed that there is significant differences between the Popovics model and our experimental results. The Modified Popovics model was introduced for better understanding the concrete behavior in compression. The proposed model covered a wide range of the parameters concerned in this investigation. The Modified Popovics model was comapred with several models such as the Popovics, Hognestad, Thorenfeldt, and Tsai and the results showed that modified approach has a better clarification for behavior of concrete in compression. Moreover, the results indicated that these models were more accurate for prediction of concrete behavior with rounded aggregates in comparison to sharped aggregates.
Aggregate,water to cement ratio,Stress-Strain Test,Correlation coefficient,Variation Coefficient,Percentage of Change in Energy Absorption
https://www.ije.ir/article_125156.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125156_ff47fc5ef13520421cbcd81134a786b5.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Evaluation of Linear Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine Topologies for Wave Energy Converters
403
413
EN
N.
Arish
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan
nima.arishh@gmail.com
F.
Marignetti
0000-0001-8776-4561
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering the University of Cassino and South Lazio, Cassino, Italy
marignetti@unicas.it
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.12
Today, the importance of using vernier machines in wave energy converters has increased because of its simple structure and ability to generate a lot of thrust force at low speeds due to the magnetic gear effect. The linear vernier permanent magnet machine has been designed in various structures. Proper design and selection of the main parameters of the machine will improve performance and increase the efficiency of the linear vernier machine. One of these parameters is the shape of the permanent magnets and how they are magnetically oriented. The novelty of this paper is the reduction of leakage flux, achieved by changing the shape and orientation of the permanent magnet. Three types of linear permanent magnet vernier machines with different permanent magnet structures and orientation, including V-shape, Halbach array and consequent-pole are presented. The considered machines have been compared to each other and to the existing machine in terms of airgap flux density, back EMF, PM flux, Inductance, thrust force, detent force, loss, efficiency, power factor, flux density and flux line, using the finite element method in the same conditions and with the same volume of permanent magnets. The results show that the magnetic orientation and shape of the permanent magnet have a considerable effect on the leakage flux, and all the proposed models have a lower leakage flux and better performance compared to the existing model.
wave energy,Energy Converter,Permanent Magnet Shape,Vernier Machine,Halbach Array,Linear Machine,Finite element method
https://www.ije.ir/article_125088.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125088_0e23eb12f43c9310705e13739eb67f82.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
A Novel Method for Forecasting Surface Wind Speed using Wind-direction based on Hierarchical Markov Model
414
426
EN
N.
Chinforoush
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
navid.ch@gmail.com
Gh.
Latif Shabgahi
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
gh_latif@sbu.ac.ir
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.13
This article presents a new method for detecting heterogeneities in wind data set to predict wind speed based on the well-known Hidden Markov Model (HMM). In the proposed method, the HMM categorizes the wind time series into some groups in which each group represents a wind regime. Each regime uses an internal first-order Markov Chain (MC) for forecasting, and the combination of all regimes outputs generates the final wind speed forecast. The model proposed in this study is called “Hierarchical Markov Model ”. The first layer detects and separates wind regimes as heterogenic groups of wind data by the use of wind direction data, based on HMM, and the second layer forecasts the wind speed using MC. The proposed model is implemented and tested using real data. Its effectiveness in terms of temporal stationary index is compared with that of a first-order MC-based method. The results showed that more than 70% improvement can be achieved in wind speed prediction by the proposed method. Moreover, it gives a probability distribution function of wind speed prediction, which is sharper than the one obtained with the first-order MC; means that more precise prediction
Hidden Markov Model,Temporal stationary,Weather forecasting,Wind regime,wind speed
https://www.ije.ir/article_125124.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125124_3239e86a1d986b7d31057b95b9ea4b8d.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Human Action Recognition using Prominent Camera
427
432
EN
P.
Sh.
Kavimandan
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
pranoti.sk@gmail.com
R.
Kapoor
Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
rajivom2009.dtu@gmail.com
K.
Yadav
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
kyadav11@yahoo.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.14
Human action recognition has undoubtedly been under research for a long time. The reason being its vast applications such as visual surveillance, security, video retrieval, human interaction with machine/robot in the entertainment sector, content-based video compression, and many more. Multiple cameras are used to overcome human action recognition challenges such as occlusion and variation in viewpoint. The use of multiple cameras overloads the system with a large amount of data, thus a good recognition rate is achieved with cost (in terms of both computation and data) as the overhead. In this research, we propose a methodology to improve the action recognition rate by using a single camera from multiple camera environments. We applied a modified bag-of-visual-words based action recognition method with the Radial Basis Function-Support Vector Machine (RBF-SVM) as a classifier. Our experiment on a standard and publicly available dataset with multiple cameras shows an improved recognition rate compared to other state-of-the-art methods.
action recognition,Prominent camera,Support Vector Machine,Modified Bag-of-words
https://www.ije.ir/article_125084.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125084_8a379f5597aca8ab8ad2856e60097bab.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
An Enhanced Self-checking Carry Select Adder Utilizing the Concept of Self-checking Full Adder
433
442
EN
M.
Valinataj
0000-0002-6536-373X
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
m.valinataj@nit.ac.ir
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.15
In this paper, an enhanced self-checking carry select adder (CSeA) architecture is introduced. However, we first show that the carry select adder design presented literature does not have the self-checking property in all of its parts in spite of the stated claim. Then, we present a corrected design with the self-checking property that requires more overheads. In addition, we reveal some mistakes in reporting the transistor count of the proposed design in the literature in different sizes, and correct them which again leads to more transistor count and overhead. At the end, due to the fact that the performance of a CSeA depends on its grouping structure, the area overheads of different CSeAs including the corrected designs and the best of previous self-checking designs will be evaluated with respect to the same-size and different-size grouping structures. These evaluations show the comparison of different CSeAs, more appropriate compared to the previous evaluations.
Carry select adder,Self-checking adder,Fault/error detection
https://www.ije.ir/article_123128.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_123128_3eebfc203c637d7b8b137c0e8fda9990.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Splicing Image Forgery Detection and Localization Based on Color Edge Inconsistency using Statistical Dispersion Measures
443
451
EN
M.
Habibi
Faculty of Computer Engineering, Payame Noor University of birjand, Birjand, Iran
habibi.malihe@gmail.com
H.
Hassanpour
0000-0002-5513-9822
Faculty of Computer Engineering and IT, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
h.hassanpour@shahroodut.ac.ir
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.16
Nowadays, due to the availability of low-cost and high-resolution digital cameras, and the rapid growth of user-friendly and advanced digital image processing tools, challenges for ensuring authenticity of digital images have been raised. Therefore, development of reliable image authenticity verification techniques has high importance in digital life. In this paper, we proposed a blind image splicing detection method based on color distribution in the neighborhood of edge pixels. First, we extracted edge pixels using contourlet transform. Then, to accurately distinguish the authentic edges from tampered ones, Interquartile Range (IQR) criteria are utilized to illustrate the distribution of Cr and Cr histograms of the spliced boundaries in YCbCr color space. Finally, a segmentation method is used to improve the localization performance and to reduce especially the computational time. The effectiveness of the method has been demonstrated by our experimental results obtained using the Columbia Image Splicing Detection Evaluation (CISED) dataset in terms of specificity and accuracy. It is observed that the proposed method outperforms some state-of-the-art methods. The detection accuracy is approximately 97 with 100% specificity.
Splicing detection,Interquartile range (IQR) criterion,Contourlet Transform,Image chroma,Image Segmentation
https://www.ije.ir/article_124931.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_124931_7626c7eef9e9dc3ae8dfa8e6c6adf7ac.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
A Clustering-Based Approach for Features Extraction in Spectro-Temporal Domain Using Artificial Neural Network
452
457
EN
N.
Esfandian
Department of Electrical Engineering, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
nafis.esfandian@gmail.com
K.
Hosseinpour
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Aryan Institute of Higher Education and
Technology, Babol, Iran
kh.hosseinpour@gmail.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.17
In this paper, a new feature extraction method is presented based on spectro-temporal representation of speech signal for phoneme classification. In the proposed method, an artificial neural network approach is used to cluster spectro-temporal domain. Self-organizing map artificial neural network (SOM) was applied to clustering of features space. Scale, rate and frequency were used as spatial information of each point and the magnitude component was used as similarity attribute in clustering algorithm. Three mechanisms were considered to select attributes in spectro-temporal features space. Spatial information of clusters, the magnitude component of samples in spectro-temporal domain and the average of the amplitude components of each cluster points were considered as secondary features. The proposed features vectors were used for phonemes classification. The results demonstrate that a significant improvement is obtained in classification rate of different sets of phonemes in comparison to previous clustering-based methods. The obtained results of new features indicate the system error is compensated in all vowels and consonants subsets in compare to weighted K-means clustering.
Spectro-temporal Features,Auditory Model,Feature Extraction,Clustering,Artificial Neural Network
https://www.ije.ir/article_125133.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125133_a66b0b202d2fe77b7a2232bbb32c01a9.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Semantic Segmentation of Lesions from Dermoscopic Images using Yolo-DeepLab Networks
458
469
EN
F.
Bagheri
Department of Industrial Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Pardis Street, Molla Sadra Ave, Tehran, Iran
f.bagheri@email.kntu.ac.ir
M.
Tarokh
Department of Industrial Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Pardis Street, Molla Sadra Ave, Tehran, Iran
mjtarokh@email.kntu.ac.ir
M.
Ziaratban
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
m.ziaratban@gu.ac.ir
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.18
Accurate segmentation of lesions from dermoscopic images is very important for timely diagnosis and treatment of skin cancers. Due to the variety of shapes, sizes, colors, and locations of lesions in dermoscopic images, automatic segmentation of skin lesions remains a challenge. In this study, a two-stage method for the segmentation of skin lesions based on deep learning is presented. In the first stage, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) estimate the approximate size and location of the lesion. A sub-image around the estimated bounding box is cropped from the original image. The sub-image is resized to an image of a predefined size. In order to segment the exact area of the lesion from the normal image, other CNNs are used in the DeepLab structure. The accuracy of the normalization stage has a significant impact on the final performance. In order to increase the normalization accuracy, a combination of four networks in the structure of Yolov3 is used. Two approaches are proposed to combine Yolov3 structures. The segmentation results of two networks in the DeepLab v3+ structure are also combined to improve the performance of the second stage. Another challenge is the small number of training images. To overcome this problem, the data augmentation is used, as well as using different modes of an image in each stage. In order to evaluate the proposed method, experiments are performed on the well-known ISBI 2017 dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed lesion segmentation method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
Semantic segmentation,Skin lesion,Deep Learning,Yolov3,DeepLab3+
https://www.ije.ir/article_125126.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125126_ec77cb99df4bcee35748172ba981eeb3.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
A Blood Supply Chain Network with Backup Facilities Considering Blood Groups and Expiration Date: A Real-world Application
470
479
EN
M.
Asadpour
Department of Information Systems and Operations Management, Business School, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
miladasadpour89@gmail.com
O.
Boyer
Department of Industrial Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
omidboyer@gmail.com
R.
Tavakkoli-Moghaddam
0000-0002-6757-926X
School of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Industrial Engineering, University of Tehran
tavakoli@ut.ac.ir
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.19
The purpose of this paper is to design a green Blood Supply Chain (BSC) network regarding expiration date and backup facilities. The proposed model is a bi-objective Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) one. The two objective functions are to minimize the total cost and the detrimental environmental impacts of shipping between facilities and generated wastes in the network. A Goal Programming (GP) approach is used to convert the multi-objective model into a single one. Moreover, to meet the demand, blood groups and plasma expiration date are also investigated. Since it has been proven that plasma of the people who have fully recovered from COVID-19, can help other patients to recover from this insidious disease; therefore, the proposed BSC network can supply the needs of this particular category of patients as well. To examine the feasibility of the proposed model, some random examples with different dimensions are generated and solved using the CPLEX solver of GAMS software. Furthermore, a real-case problem in Esfahan (Iran) was investigated to illustrate the applicability of the proposed model, and the sensitivity analysis was performed as well. Results approved the applicability of the proposed model in a real situation.
blood supply chain,Goal Programming,blood groups,Expiration Date,Backup Facilities
https://www.ije.ir/article_122808.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_122808_01ed326b974cfccbdd242d6ef8775876.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Laser Cladding of PAC 718, Tribaloy T-700 and METCO 41 C Hard Facing Powders on AISI SS 304L Substrate
480
486
EN
S.
R.
More
V R Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, A.P, India
moresatish11@yahoo.co.in
D.
V.
Bhatt
S V N I T, Surat, Gujarat, India
dvb@med.svnit.ac.in
J.
Menghani
S V N I T, Surat, Gujarat, India
jvm@med.svnit.ac.in
C.
P.
Paul
RRCAT, Indore, M.P. India
paulcp@rrcat.gov.in
G.
R.
Desale
CSIR-NCL Pune, Maharashtra, India
gr.desale@res.ac.in
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.20
The present investigation aims to deposit the three different hard facing powder (Triboloy T-700 and PAC 718, and TETCO 41 C) on SS 304L using laser cladding technique. The single and overlapped clad track was deposited using 2 kW laser power system. The optimized laser process parameters and 50% overlap clad track was used to deposit a large surface area. The optimum laser process parameters were finalised using single clad structure study. The cross-sections of the clad layers were used to obtain the microstructure and micro-hardness from different regions namely, clad layer, diffusion layer, and substrate. Throughout the study, the laser power was kept constant i.e. 1.2 kW. For single clad deposition, the scanning speed and powder feed rate varied from 0.3 to 0.5 m/min and 4 to 9 g/min, respectively. T-700 and PAC 718 shows uniform developing micro-structure while METCO 41 C shows the development of mixed dendritic and cellular type microstructure. The Triboloy shows the maximum surface hardness of 534 Hv, 321 Hv for PAC 718, and 294 Hv for METCO 41 C.
Fiber laser,Laser Cladding,Clad Properties,Micro-hardness,Hard Powder and SS304L
https://www.ije.ir/article_123132.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_123132_f59f28bdc4506b096484af74f4f9e760.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Simulation of Photovoltaic System as a Tool of a State’s Energy Security
487
492
EN
V.
V.
Martynyuk
0000-0001-5758-4244
Department of Automatization, Computer-Integrated Technology and Telecommunication, Programming and Computer, Telecommunication Systems Faculty in Khmelnytskyi National University, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
martynyuk.valeriy@gmail.com
M.
P.
Voynarenko
0000-0002-1301-1492
Department of Accounting, Audit and Taxation, Faculty of Economics and Management in Khmelnytskyi National University, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
voynarenko@ukr.net
J.
M.
Boiko
0000-0003-0824-7895
Department of Telecommunication and Radio Engineering, Programming and Computer, Telecommunication Systems Faculty in Khmelnytskyi National University, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
boykojuliy6@gmail.com
O.
Svistunov
0000-0002-8474-1978
State Enterprise ”Novator”, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
office@novator-tm.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.21
This article is devoted to the photovoltaic system simulation. Photovoltaic systems operate in different conditions such as changing solar irradiance and environmental temperature. Analysis of the existing methods for photovoltaic system simulation was carried out in this paper. The formal model of the electricity consumption system was developed, which included the photovoltaic system and the electrical storage system. The expediency of using simulation modeling tools in the design of solar panel optimization tools was shown by application of maximum power point tracking methods. The developed software provides the ability to build current-voltage and high-voltage characteristics of solar cells at different values of the intensity of solar radiation and temperature.. The voltage and load current differ up to 50% from the voltage and current of the operating point of the solar panel, which is set to the optimal value using maximum power point tracker. The architecture of the software extends the capabilities of simulation modeling of systems based on solar panels. The optimizer model block along with the implementation of the maximum power point tracking algorithm can be further refined by using more sophisticated algorithms. The developments are innovative and their practical implementation will have a significant impact on the energy security of countries
Simulation,Photovoltaic system,Solar energy,Electric Grid,energy Security
https://www.ije.ir/article_124920.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_124920_431c1e211b46b7d5054bc7644ef28cef.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Hydroxyapatite Coating on Stainless Steel 316L using Flame Spray Technique
493
499
EN
F.
Gapsari
0000-0003-3641-8372
The Mechanical Engineering Department of Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
memi_kencrut@ub.ac.id
N.
A.
Hidayatia
The Mechanical Engineering Department of Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
P.
H.
Setyarini
The Mechanical Engineering Department of Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
M
P.N
Alan
The Mechanical Engineering Department of Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
R.
Subagyo
MechanicalEngineering Department, University of Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
A.
Andoko
Mechanical Engineering Department, State University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.22
This study was a preliminary study on flame spray coating with hydroxyapatite (HAp). Coating is one of the technique to improve metal resistance to corrosion. In this study, flame spray coating using HAp was performed on stainless steel 316 L as a material for medical devices. This synthetic compound contains elements which are biocompatible and bioactive in human body where they can stick to body tissues or muscles.HAp has been extensively used as a bone substitute because of its crystal structure, biocompatibility and osteoconductive nature. In this study, 316L SS was coated by HAp using flame spray method with varied oxygen flowrate and air pressure. The result of this study showed that the air pressure of 1 bar and oxygen flowrate of 25 l/min had the thickest coating which was 123.5μm and the lowest corrosion rate which was 0.0261 mm/year. The air pressureof 3 bar and oxygen flowrate of 35 l/min produced the lowest thickness which was 32.5μm and the highest corrosion rate which was 0.0761 mm/year. The use of high air pressure and oxygen flowrate decreased the coating thickness and the corrosion rate. The result revealed that flame spray method was effective to be used to coat HAp on 316L SS.
coating,corrosion,Hydroxyapatite,Oxygen flowrate,Air pressure
https://www.ije.ir/article_124928.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_124928_2572d6433a4dc2e58ec527f0528618ec.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Experimental Study on Mechanical, Thermal and Antibacterial Properties of Hybrid Nanocomposites of PLA/CNF/Ag
500
507
EN
K.
Sheikh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
kmalshykh@gmail.com
H.
Shahrajabian
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najafabad branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.
h.shahrajabian@gmail.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.23
The main purpose of this study is to prepare the nanocomposite samples with synergistic properties containing the mechanical, thermal and antibacterial properties. For this purpose, the combination of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and Ag (silver) nanoparticles were incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) matrix by solution casting method. The CNF in constant content of 1 wt.% and Ag nanoparticles in the content of 1, 3, and 5 wt.% were incorporated into the PLA matrix. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposite samples was characterized by FE-SEM, and mechanical, antibacterial, and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated by tensile, agar disk-diffusion, and DSC tests, respectively. FE-SEM images showed the uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles within the polymer matrix. The simultaneous addition of two nanoparticles significantly raised the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and tensile modulus by 40% and 9%, respectively. However, CNF had no considerable effect on the thermal and antibacterial properties of the PLA matrix. Unlike CNF, Ag nanoparticles significantly improved the antibacterial properties of the nanocomposites against <em>staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em> bacteria, and enhanced the thermal stability of the PLA matrix. Ag nanoparticles improved the degree of crystallinity of PLA from 10.5% to 17.9%, and T<sub>m</sub> from 147.8 to 153.6 °C. By incorporating 5wt.% Ag nanoparticles, the inhibition duameter increased from 20 mm to 39 mm for <em>staphylococcus aureus</em>.
antibacterial properties,Cellulose Nano-fiber,poly lactic acid,Silver nanoparticles,thermal properties
https://www.ije.ir/article_122810.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_122810_dd0799587c24d9a5505961f413fc482b.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Optimization of Green Technique Develop for Europium (III) Extraction by using Phosphonium Ionic Liquid and Central Composite Design Approach
508
516
EN
M.
Asadollahzadeh
Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute
masadollahzadeh@aeoi.org.ir
R.
Torkaman
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute
rtorkaman@aeoi.org.ir
M.
Torab-Mostaedi
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute
torabmo2090@gmail.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.24
Rare earth compounds widely used in industrial applications and new processes with green solvents are appropriate for recovering these elements. In this study, the ionic liquid application development was investigated to extract europium ions in single and binary systems. A green procedure for europium (III) extraction from aqueous chloride solution was investigated using phosphonium ionic liquid Cyphos IL 104. Comparative conditions were investigated for analyzing better results with the presence of organic extractant such as Cyanex272, D2EHPA in the batch experiments. The experiment design was carried out based on the central composite design principles to analyze the relationships between the responses and the significant parameters. The obtained data revealed that the quadratic equation has good desirability to predict the extraction percentage. Investigation of the extraction process showed that the ionic liquid Cyphos IL104 has selective power in the extraction of europium and the efficiency is higher than the organophosphorus extractants. Accordingly, optimum conditions for maximum removal of europium ions were obtained equal to 5.5, 1, 16 min, and 0.008 M for feed acidity (pH), phase ratio, time, Cyphos IL 104 concentration. Examination of binary systems of rare earth elements showed that ionic liquid had positive and negative effects on the separation factor. The high efficiency of ionic liquid in the reuse condition indicated that the system is appropriate from an economic perspective.
Ionic Liquid,Cyphos IL 104,Central Composite Design Approach,Optimized Condition,Europium
https://www.ije.ir/article_125127.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125127_ad3259a0b6edc7b2f9ae929d50623168.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Analytical Approach of Fe3O4-Ethylene Glycol Radiative Magnetohydrodynamic Nanofluid on Entropy Generation in a Shrinking Wall with Porous Medium
517
527
EN
U.
Humphries
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), ThungKhru, Thailand
usa.wan@kmutt.ac.th
M.
Govindaraju
Department of Mathematics, Padmavani Arts and Science College for Women, Salem, Periyar University, Tamil Nadu, India
govimaths@gmail.com
P.
Kaewmesri
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), ThungKhru, Thailand
pramet1990@gmail.com
P.
Hammachukiattikul
0000-0003-0267-110X
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phuket Rajabhat University, Phuket, Thailand
porpattama@pkru.ac.th
B.
Unyong
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phuket Rajabhat University, Phuket, Thailand
bundit.u@pkru.ac.th
G.
Rajchakit
0000-0001-6053-6219
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
kreangkri@mju.ac.th
R.
Vadivel
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phuket Rajabhat University, Phuket, Thailand
vadivelsr@yahoo.com
N.
Gunasekaran
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
gunasmaths@gmail.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.25
This research mainly focuses on the effects of heat absorption/generation and radiation on the hydromagnetic flow of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-ethylene glycol nanofluid through a shrinking wall with porous medium and the computation of the entropy generation. We considered basic governing ordinary differential equations into partial differential equations by using appropriate similarity solutions. Moreover, hyper geometric function is employing to determine the formulated problem. We analyze the effects of appropriate physical parameters on the Bejan number, Entropy generation, Nussult number, skin friction, fluid temperature and velocity profiles. In addition, the derived result of the present study is compared with those in the existing literature. We noted that the presence of heat absorption and suction parameters reduces the Bejan number and increases the entropy generation, and the heat source, porous medium, radiation parameters minimize the entropy production. The presence of porosity parameter reduced the fluid velocity, improved fluid temperature and minimized the entopy production. Nanosolid volume fraction parameter reduced both Nussult number and skin friction coefficient.
Entropy,Fe3O4-Ethylene Glycol Nanofluid,Heat absorption,Heat generation,Shrinking Wall
https://www.ije.ir/article_125087.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125087_3cb954fb74e6a7793af9939907a8e127.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Statistical Modeling, Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of Tool’s Geometrical Parameters on Process Force in Automatic Cortical Bone Drilling Process
528
535
EN
M.
Safari
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran
m.safari@arakut.ac.ir
V.
Tahmasbi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran
tahmasbi@arakut.ac.ir
P.
Hassanpour
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran
p.hasanpoor@arakut.ac.ir
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.26
One of the most prevalent machining processes in medical treatments is bone drilling process. During bone drilling, excessive process force can cause breakage, crack initiation and severe damage to bone tissue. In this paper, a systematic study with simultaneous use of response surface method, sensitivity analysis based on Sobol method and regression analysis is performed for investigation the effect of helix angle and point angle of the tool as the most important geometrical parameters on imposed force to the bone during drilling process. Initially, using design of experiments and response surface method, imposed force to the bone is modeled and the governing second order linear regression equation is derived and verified. Then, using Sobol sensitivity analysis, with ability to quantify the sensitivity, it is attempted to investigate the effect of input parameters on drilling force. Finally, optimization of the process inputs is followed to find the best combination which yields the desired drilling force. The minimum drilling force, within the range of input parameters, coincides with point angle of 90 and helix angle of 18. This minimal force is lower than the force in surgery and standard tools. The results showed that an increasing in point angle leads to an increase in drilling force. Also, it is concluded that there is an optimum value for using the helix angle in bone drilling process with minimum imposed force.
Bone Drilling Process,Crack,Statistical Sensitivity Analysis,Drilling Force
https://www.ije.ir/article_124919.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_124919_55c1e01f46a29b0e4b1290496f4aebd5.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Effects of Road Roughness, Aerodynamics, and Weather Conditions on Automotive Wheel Force
536
546
EN
K.
Reza Kashyzadeh
0000-0003-0552-9950
Department of Mechanical and Instrumental Engineering, Academy of Engineering, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
kazem.kashyzadeh@gmail.com
S.M.S
Mousavi Bafrouyi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
saleh_musavi@yahoo.com
S.M.
Khorsandijou
Department of Mechanical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
m_khorsandijou@azad.ac.ir
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.27
Taking road roughness, aerodynamics, and weather conditions, viz temperature and humidity, into consideration, the force applied to the wheel of a half-vehicle model traveling at constant speed has been calculated. A D-type rough horizontal road according to ISO 8606 evaluations was chosen for the experiment and the surface profile of which was measured by means of a topographic camera of Leica series to acquire discrete data to model the road roughness. The data have been converted from discrete points into smooth continuous linear functions with quadratic blends, because of the fact that the governing differential equations of motion of the vehicle model require the road roughness and the time rate of change thereof. The line of action of wind or aero-dynamical force applied to the vehicle model has been assumed to pass through the vehicle mass center. The vibrations of the half-vehicle model have been found via the Runge-Kutta method. DoE (Design of Experiments) has been used to investigate the effects of air temperature and humidity on the front and rear wheels. It was found that the value of force applied to the front wheel is far greater than that applied to the rear wheel (about 16.5%). Also, the role of the air temperature is much more effective on the wheel force than the air humidity. Moreover, the force of the front wheel is directly related to the values of weather parameters and the force of the rear wheel is inversely related to it.
Wheel force,Road roughness,Aero-dynamical force,weather conditions,Air Temperature,Humidity
https://www.ije.ir/article_125132.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125132_34732c11d3834638525e91e0dabe868c.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Numerical modeling and Optimization of Respirational Emergency Drug Delivery Device using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Response Surface Method
547
555
EN
M.
Yousefi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran
yousefigh.mostafa@gmail.com
H.
Safikhani
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran
h-safikhani@araku.ac.ir
E.
Jabbari
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran
erfan45d@gmail.com
M.
Yousefi
School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
mortezayousefi23@gmail.com
V.
Tahmsbi
Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran
vtahmasbi45@gmail.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.28
Studies have shown that most of the particles sprayed on emergency respirational patients, accumulate inside the endotracheal tube and its connector. In this paper, applying Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Response Surface Method (RSM), an optimized geometry is introduced for higher efficiency of the drug delivery for patients with emergency respiratory diseases. In CFD modeling, finite volume method and for two-phase flow modeling, Lagrangian method is used. Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations with Reynolds stress turbulence model are solved using SIMPLE pressure correction algorithm within the computational domain. The velocity fluctuations are simulated using the Discrete Random Walk (DRW). For optimization process, six different parameters including three dimensions of the connector of the tube: connector length, connector diameter and injection diameter, injection velocity of the drug particles, air flow velocity and particle size are investigated. Using Design of Experiments (DOE) and RSM, the output efficiency of the model and second-order regression equation model are derived and accuracy of the model is confirmed. Then the effect of each input parameter on the efficiency is investigated. Dringer algorithm is applied to optimize the process and the best combination of input parameters yielding the highest efficiency is introduced.
Computational Fluid Dynamics,Drug Delivery Device,Endotracheal tube,optimization,Respirational Patients,response surface method
https://www.ije.ir/article_122806.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_122806_36b9fe3a4ceca2119f79515053ec3e83.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
The Prediction of Stress and Strain Behaviors in Composite Gears using FEM
556
563
EN
M.
Bigdeli
0000-0001-6362-7562
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
mohammadbigdeli71@gmail.com
V.
Monfared
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran.
vahid_monfared_57@yahoo.com
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.29
Metal matrix composite (MMC) gears are used as a major component in the industry and are responsible for providing high-quality power transfer at high speeds. High quality, including high strength and impact-resistance, low brittleness, and long lifetime, is very important and needed in the industry. Gears are made of different materials, and, nowadays, researchers and industrialists have turned to designing, manufacturing, and using composite gears more than other gears due to their low weight, high hardness and strength, and better mechanical properties. In this research, the stress and strain behaviors are predicted in the composite gears made of aluminum silicon carbide with 3 different SIC volume fractions, namely 55 vol.%, 40 vol.%, and 30 vol.%, and with specifications of (Al45/SIC55, Al60/SIC40, and Al70/SIC30) and gears made of aluminum oxide with 3 different alumina weight fractions, namely 94 wt.%, 96 wt.%, and 99.5 wt.% to evaluate and compare the stress behavior due to different forces exerted on a single gear tooth in MMC gears. The Al45/SIC55 composite experienced the largest stress compared to other composites such as Al60/SIC40 and Al70/SIC30. The strain values (unlike the stress values) reduced with increasing in the volume fraction of the SIC reinforcement. Moreover, 94% aluminum oxide composite showed larger stress compared to 96% aluminum oxide and 99.5% aluminum oxide. The spur gear is designed and analyzed using SOLID WORKS and ANSYS Workbench softwares.
Metal Matrix Composite Gears,Composites,Stress,Strain,Alloys
https://www.ije.ir/article_125090.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125090_aeac12af9500bc52781b5a0ec41c86a9.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Experimental Investigation of TIG Welding Input Parameters Effects on Mechanical Characteristics
564
571
EN
F.
Salehpour
Mechanical Engineering Department, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar Branch, Shabestar, Iran
sadlah.hmd@yahoo.com
V.
Nematifard
Islamic Azad University, Ilkhchi Branch, Ilkhchi, Iran
vahid.nematifard23se@yahoo.com
G.
Maram
Mechanical Engineering Department, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
gholamreza.maram@edu.ac.ir
A.
Afkar
Research Center of Technology and Engineering, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
amirafkar65gtv@uut.ac.ir
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.30
Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process is one of the complex production methods. The reason is the drastic changes in the metallurgical structure of welding parts due to the heating and cooling cycle during welding. These changes cause various metallurgical and mechanical defects of the parts and weaken the mechanical properties of the parts. Many parameters in welding have different effects on the quality of welding parts. To create a suitable weld, it is necessary to identify the effect of these parameters and to be able to estimate it and select the appropriate and optimal conditions. Accordingly, In this study, an experimental investigation were conducted on determining the mechanical characteristics of the pieces through variation of three main welding parameters including advance speed, welding amperage and preheating temperature. Due to the difficulty of changing the rate of advance speed in manual welding, a robotic welding arm was designed for welding 316 stainless steel in the current paper, in which a microcontroller tuned the speed and welding length. By collecting the practical data, the effect of the input data (advance speed, welding amperage and preheating temperature) investigated in durability and strength of the joints. In other words, the tension and durability of the joints for stainless steels are proposed for various welding parameters to enhance the optimal conditions based on the experimental results. In samples with low advance speed, in addition to increase the solidification time, the coarseness of the structure and the burning of the edges of the welded parts due to the low speed and high amps, reduce the tensile strength. Also, the results showed that by increasing the amperage, the strength of welding parts decreases due to the burn defect of the plate edges, which can be minimized by increasing the welding speed and reducing the effect of extreme heat on the edges. Finally, by analyzing the effect of the input parameter on the output, the best conditions of the adjustment parameters in butt-welding were acquired among existed samples for welding 316 stainless steel.
Tungsten Inert Gas,mechanical arm,tensile strength,316 stainless steel
https://www.ije.ir/article_125137.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_125137_17f1c398ca603894e3983c0181046571.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
The Effect of Stochastic Properties of Strength Reduction Function on The Time-Dependent Reliability of RC Structures
572
580
EN
S.A
Hosseini
Faculty of technology and mining, Yasouj University, Choram, Iran
a.hosseini@yu.ac.ir
N.
Shabakhty
School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology,Tehran, Iran
shabakhty@iust.ac.ir
S.S
Mahini
Center for Timber Durability and Design Life, University of Sunshine Coast, Australia
s.mahini@griffith.edu.au
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.31
Quantitative calculation of structural safety using its specific limit-states is of great importance. Due to the stochastic properties of strength, loading, and environmental reduction functions, these parameters cannot be considered as deterministic variables. In this paper, a probabilistic model including the stochastic properties of the strength reduction factor was proposed to calculate the time-dependent reliability of concrete structures. In this model, the statistical properties of applied loads were also considered. The strength reduction model was calculated quantitatively using the statistical properties of the reducing agent. In this research, the major factor contributing to the strength reduction is the reduction in the cross‐section of the steel bars, reduction of bonding strength, and the spalling of the concrete cover due to reinforcement corrosion induced by chloride ingress. The results of this model were compared to the calculation of reliability using the direct implementation of strength values and another simplified method that only considers initial strength as a random variable. In the methods under investigation, the effect of the uncertainty of reducing factor on the mean and coefficient of variation of results was also studied. The results showed that the probability of failure increases between 25% to 50% when the uncertainty of the reducing factor is taken into account. The proposed model has more realistic results than the simplified model, and these results could be improved for achieving more exact outcomes with lower uncertainty.
Time-Dependent reliability,Reinforcement corrosion,Stochastic model,strength reduction function,probability of failure
https://www.ije.ir/article_122182.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_122182_1bf101b6d3af4a90fc39db779fc46fe8.pdf
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
34
2
2021
02
01
Study of Bonding Strength at Salt-cement Interface During Cementation of Salt Layers
581
586
EN
S.S
Tabatabaee Moradi
0000-0002-1484-6926
Faculty of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Sahand University of Technology
s.sh.tabatabaee@gmail.com
N.
I.
Nikolaev
0000-0001-8453-6934
Well Drilling Department, Oil and Gas Faculty, Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
nikinik@mail.ru
10.5829/ije.2021.34.02b.32
Cement has been used for decades in the industry to serve various important functions inside oil and gas wells. Due to the complications and variations in the geological and technical conditions of a well, various cement compositions are designed and utilized in different world regions. Many hydrocarbon reservoirs are covered by thick salt formations, which are considered problematic and costly to be drilled and cemented. Cement slurry, as a water based solution, interacts with salt rock, as a result of which cement properties are changed that consequently may jeopardize well integrity across salt formations and successful exploitation of beneath hydrocarbon reservoirs. In this study, based on experimental and industrial experiences, a cement composition is developed that meet the requirements of cementation in salt layers. Experimental investigations are conducted on the bonding strength at the salt-cement interface, as the bonding strength is considered as one of the factors that significantly affect overall cement efficiency in providing well integrity. Results confirm the effectiveness of the developed composition for cementation of salt layers.
Oil Well Cement,halite,Portland Cement,water to cement ratio
https://www.ije.ir/article_123140.html
https://www.ije.ir/article_123140_27a10e0b6e14077697d5dec9e814c05d.pdf