eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
455
464
72114
Comparative Studies on Effect of Pretreatment of Rice Husk for Enzymatic Digestibility and Bioethanol Production
Ghasem Najafpour
ije.editor8@gmail.com
1
Biochemical & Chemical Engineering, Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol
Three common pretreatment processes based on dilute sulfuric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide and heat treatment (autoclaving) followed by enzymatic hydrolysis were evaluated to provide comparative performance data. Among them, the best result was obtained when the pretreatment of rice husk was carried out with 3% of NaOH solution. The pretreatment of rice husk with NaOH substantially increased the lignin removal, enzymatic digestibility of cellulose, the accessibility of cellulose and fermentable sugar production. The highest glucose concentration, glucose yield and ethanol concentration were 14.54 g/L, 59.6% and 6.22 g/L; which were 5.44, 3.77 and 6.15 times higher than the untreated control samples, respectively. Moreover, the SEM analysis of the pretreated sample illustrated significant physical changes of the rice husk after NaOH pretreatment.
https://www.ije.ir/article_72114_259a2d26e766c1c3dccfe43b875c2062.pdf
Rice husk
Pretreatment
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Bioethanol
eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
465
472
72115
Dynamic Performance Analysis and Simulation of a Full Scale Activated Sludge System Treating an Industrial Wastewater Using Artificial Neural Network
Zohreh Salari
zohrehsalari@yahoo.com
1
A. A. L. Zinatizadeh
zinatizadeh@gmail.com
2
Farid Banaei
banaeifarid@gmail.com
3
Moazameh Mesgar
m_mesgar_ch@yahoo.com
4
Faraman Industrial Estate, Industrial Estate Company, Kermanshah
Applied Chemistry, Razi University
Applied Chemistry, Razi University
Applied Chemistry, Razi University
Due to changeable nature of the industrial wastewaters, proper operation of an industrial wastewater treatment plant is of prior importance in order to keep the process stability at the desired conditions. In this mean, simulation of the treatment system behavior using artificial neural network (ANN) can be an effective tool. This paper evaluates long term performance and process stability of a full-scale integrated industrial wastewater treatment system (Faraman’s industrial estate, Kermanshah) in removing organic matter over a 2-year operation. The wastewater treatment system is composed of static screens, an equalization tank, an aerobic biological tower (TF) and an activated sludge (AS) reactor. Multilayer Feed-forward Networks of ANN was used to forecast the process performance of AS system. In this study, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) (mg/l) and organic loading rate (OLR) (kg COD/m3.d) were selected as input parameters and TSS removal, COD removal and sludge volume index (SVI) as output parameters. The results showed a very good agreement between the actual and modeled data (R2 0.9). The ANN models provided a robust tool for prediction the performance of wastewater treatment plants and as a result, the online monitoring parameters could be applied on prediction of effluent.
https://www.ije.ir/article_72115_63a9abd01f012fe189c91cad1fcf3a3a.pdf
Full
scale industrial wastewater treatment plant
TF
as
Artificial Neural Network
Modeling
eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
473
488
72116
Aqueous Cadmium Ions Removal by Adsorption on APTMS Grafted Mesoporous Silica MCM-41 in Batch and Fixed Bed Column Processes
Mansoor Anbia
anbia@iust.ac.ir
1
M.S> Çelik
mcelik@itu.edu.tr
2
F. Ghorbani
arshidghorbani59@yahoo.com
3
H. Younesi
hunesi@yahoo.com
4
Research Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Iran University of Science and Technology
Mineral and Coal Processing Section, Istanbul Technical University
Environmental Science, Tarbiat Modares University
Environmental science, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran, Noor, Iran
Highly ordered mesoporous MCM-41silica with hexagonal structure was synthesized using extracted amorphous silica from sedge (Carex riparia) ash. Obtained mesoporous materials functionalized by 3-(Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and their structures characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption-desorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. As-synthesized material were applied for adsorption of Cd(II) metal ions from aqueous solution in batch and fixed bed column systems. Batch adsorption process was carried out to evaluate initial ion concentrations, sorbent dose, contact time, pH and temperature. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm by nonlinear regression analysis. The kinetics study reviled that data from the experiments fitted well to the pseudo-second order equation than pseudo-first order. Thermodynamic parameters reviled that the adsorption process strongly depended on temperature and the adsorption capacity increased by increasing the temperature of the system, indicating the endothermic behavior and spontaneous nature of adsorption. For continuous adsorption experiments, NH2-MCM-41 adsorbent was used and breakthrough curves were analyzed at different bed heights, flow rates and initial metal ion concentrations. The Thomas and bed depth service time (BDST) models were used to determine the kinetic constants and to predict the breakthrough curves of each component.
https://www.ije.ir/article_72116_aabe98ec51c2be9f051253790de86ddb.pdf
Sedge (Carex riparia)
MCM
41
Batch Adsorption
Fixed
bed column
eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
489
494
72117
Subcritical Water Extraction of Essential Oils from Matricaria Chamomilla L.
Hossein Noori
hnourib@iaukashan.ac.ir
1
Maryam Khajenoori
m_khajenoori@semnan.ac.ir
2
Mechainical Engineering Department, iau of kashan
Department of Chemical, Gas and Petroleum Engineer, Semnan University
Subcritical water extraction (SWE) of essential oil from Matricaria Chamomilla L. (M. Chamomilla L.) was performed and compared with conventional method including hydro distillation. The percentage of main extracted components of different temperatures (100, 125, 150 and 175 oc) and water flow rates (1, 2 and 4 ml/min) were investigated at 20 bar pressure and 0.50 mm mean particle size in SWE. The separation and identification of the components were carried out by gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection and GC-mass spectrometry. The best operating conditions for the SWE of M. Chamomilla L. were determined to be at 150 oc temperature and 4 ml/min flow rate for 120 min extraction time. In comparison with hydro distillation method, the SWE method resulted in a more valuable essential oil with respect to the oxygenated components.
https://www.ije.ir/article_72117_991bef2863e1bc36e2e15a329637380e.pdf
Matricaria chamomilla L
subcritical water extraction
Essential oils
eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
495
500
72118
Nitric Acid-activated Nteje Clay: Structural and Bleaching Properties (RESEARCH NOTE)
Okechukwu Onukwuli
onukwuliod@yahoo.com
1
Regina Ajemba
ginaajemba@rocketmail.com
2
Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
The structural and bleaching properties of nitric acid-activated Nteje clay was studied to investigate its ability to serve as an alternative to the high cost imported bleaching earth. The clay was mined, sun-dried, grinded, and reacted with different concentrations of nitric acid, ranging from 2 mol.L-1 to 15 mol.L-1. The un-activated and activated samples were characterized to study the structural effects of the activation process. The activated samples were employed in bleaching palm oil under controlled conditions of the process variables. The characterization results showed that the surface area, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and oil retention properties of the activated samples were affected by the activation reaction. The surface area increased to about 4 times (288.8 m2.g-1) the initial value (68.5 m2.g-1), while the CEC decreased from 154 to 65 meg.100-1g-1 with acid activation. The bleaching studies revealed that the activated clay samples adsorbed color pigments from palm oil more than the un-treated clay sample, with the bleaching efficiency of the sample activated using 13 mol.L-1 HNO3 increased from 37.82 % to 89.76 %. This study has shown that nitric acid can favourable be employed in activation of Nteje clay to improve its bleaching ability and that the activated samples can serve as an alternative to the imported bleaching earths.
https://www.ije.ir/article_72118_ddc8e388a79c08ecbfc2eea204368ac2.pdf
Activation
Bleaching
Surface Area
Characterization
Cation exchange capacity
Clay
eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
501
508
72119
Evaluation of Ultimate Torsional Strength of Reinforcement Concrete Beams Using Finite Element Analysis and Artificial Neural Network
Nastaran Rakhshan
nastaran_rakhsh@yahoo.com
1
Mehdi Ahmadvand
mahdi.ahmadvand90@gmail.com
2
Jalal Akbari
akbari@malayeru.ac.ir
3
Civil Eng, Malayer University
Due to lack of theory of elasticity, estimation of ultimate torsional strength of reinforcement concrete beams is a difficult task. Therefore, the finite element methods could be applied for determination of strength of concrete beams. Furthermore, for complicated, highly nonlinear and ambiguous status, artificial neural networks are appropriate tools for prediction of behavior of such states. The main purpose of this paper is evaluation of ultimate torsional strength of rectangular concrete beams using two different approaches: nonlinear finite element modeling and artificial neural network prediction. This aim is achieved by creating a three-dimensional finite element models that employing the brittle failure criterion of concrete and an artificial neural network which training is carried out through experimental data. Numerical modeling is accomplished using the commercial software and its validation is exhibited by selected data from experimental tests. The test specimens were solid rectangular beams that were subjected to pure torsion. All of the experimental data for training of the network has been comprised. Data are divided into three categories: training, testing and validating. Three-layer perceptron network with a back propagation error algorithm is used for training. This study shows that, the results of numerical models are more accurate than neural network models to predict torsional strength of reinforced concrete beams.
https://www.ije.ir/article_72119_b90103de14364b21c970145cd561c5b2.pdf
Ultimate torsional strength
finite element modeling
brittle failure criterion
Artificial Neural Network
concrete reinforcement beams
eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
509
514
72120
The analysis of a Beam Made of Physical Nonlinear Material on Elastic Foundation Under a Harmonic Load
Esfandiar Mardani
e.mardani@urmia.ac.ir
1
Civil Eng., Urmia University
ABSTRACT: A prismatic beam made of a behaviorally nonlinear material situated on nonlinear elastic foundation is analyzed under a moving harmonic load moving with a known velocity. The vibration equation of motion is derived using Hamilton principle and Euler Lagrange equation. The amplitude of vibration, circular frequency, bending moment, stress and deflection of the beam can be calculated by the presented solution. Considering the response of the beam, in the sense of its resonance, it is found that there is no critical velocity when the behavior of the beam and foundation material is assumed to be physically nonlinear, and in this case there are finite values for the deflection, stress and bending moment of the beam.
https://www.ije.ir/article_72120_d27c2b4a9cad79dab7b52f82f3587ac4.pdf
KEY WORDS Physical nonlinear
Harmonic moving load
Hamilton Principle
Euler
Lagrange Equation Dufing Equation
Critical velocity
Resonance
eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
515
522
72121
Simulation of Cold Rolling Process Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)
Nima Amanifard
namanif@guilan.ac.ir
1
Batool Hoseinpour
b.hoseinpour@gmail.com
2
Ali Basti
basti@guilan.ac.ir
3
Mechanical Engineering, University of Guilan
Mechanical Engineering, University of Guilan
Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan
Regarding the reported capabilities and the simplifications of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, as a mesh-free technique in numerical simulations of the deformation processes, a 2-D approach on cold rolling process was provided. Using and examining SPH on rolling process not only caused some minor developments on SPH techniques but revealed some physical realities. The chosen test case for rolling is an aluminum strip: Al 6061. In this way, the rolls assumed to behave as rigid bodies and, the aluminum strip assumed to behave as an elastic-plastic continuum. In order to achieve the required assurance of the employed technique, the computed stress distribution patterns were compared with those reported from a finite element study, and the results showed good agreements. Moreover, as the final main test, the effect of some affective parameters; roll diameter, percentage of thickness reduction of the strip, and the rolling speed has been studied. In current study not only some developments of using the SPH technique were achieved, but also, could present the capability of the SPH for more simple numerical approaches for such complicated deformation processes.
https://www.ije.ir/article_72121_d45680676e4e43ec853aa555c5ef3f1d.pdf
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH)
Cold rolling
Elastic
plastic model
Numerical
eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
523
532
72122
Modified Structure Function Model Based on Coherent Structures
Mostafa Nourollahi
nourollahi_m@stu.nit.ac.ir
1
Mechanical Engineering, Babol University of TechnologyBabol Noshirvani Uni
In the present study, a modified Structure Function was introduced. In this modified Structure Function model, the coefficient of model was computed dynamically base on the coherent structure in the flow field. The ability of this Modified Structure Function was investigated for complex flow over a square cylinder in free stream and a low aspect ratio cylinder confined in a channel. The Results was compared with experimental data, standard structure function and Coherent Structure Model which use a dynamically method to computed the coefficient of Smagorinsky model based on coherent structure in the flow field. The results show that Modified Structure Function improved the stability and accuracy of simulation in comparison to Coherent Structure Model and standard structure function model
https://www.ije.ir/article_72122_9e2696725ba24413db7d21878faa1e0c.pdf
Structure Function
Coherent Structure
Square cylinder
Large Eddy Simulation
adapted coefficient
eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
533
542
72123
An Analytical Approach to the Effect of Viscous Dissipation on Shear-Driven Flow between two parallel plates with Constant Heat Flux Boundary Conditions
Sanchayan Mukherjee
sanchayan02@yahoo.com
1
Pranab Mondal
pranab2k3@yahoo.com
2
Mechanical Engineering, Kalyani Govt. Engineering College
Mechainical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
An investigation has been made to analyze the effects of viscous dissipation on the heat transfer characteristics for both hydro-dynamically and thermally fully developed, laminar shear driven flow between two infinitely long parallel plates, where the upper plate is moving in an axial direction at a constant speed. On the basis of some routine assumptions made in the literature, a close form analytical expression of Nusselt numbers for the flow of Newtonian fluid with constant properties has been developed for three different cases of constant heat flux boundary conditions. In the analysis, focus is on the viscous dissipative effect due to the shear produced by the moving upper plate apart from the viscous heating due to internal fluid friction for the flow of a Newtonian fluid.
https://www.ije.ir/article_72123_fa37ca80e0dd91c64f6e3b8b60b52fcb.pdf
Keywords Shear driven flow
Viscous heating
Constant heat flux
Nusselt Number
Brinkman number. Shear driven flow
Brinkman number
eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
543
552
72124
Failure Probability and Remaining Life Assessment of Reheater Tubes
Morteza Amini
morteza.amini83@gmail.com
1
Ali Moharrami
ali.moharrami@ymail.com
2
Esmaeil Poursaeidi
epsaeidi@znu.ac.ir
3
Mechanical Engineering, University of Zanjan
Mechanical Engineering, University of Zanjan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
In this study, a real and significant industrial problem in a steam power plant was investigated. Reheater tubes in boilers are under the creep and the fireside corrosion mechanism that cause some of them to fail. Since the estimation of probability of failure (PoF) and remaining life (RL) is expensive and time consuming in the deterministic methods, in this work they were evaluated using structural reliability analysis and distribution analysis based on in-site tests and selecting an appropriate limit state function (LSF).The criterion used for this purpose is based on the creep lifetime model and uncertainties. Sensitivity analysis was also studied in this research. The considered relationship among three affecting parameters on boiler tube failure including time, creep and fireside corrosion leads to evaluating RL besides PoF as well as obtaining PoF and RL simultaneously by selecting an appropriate time-based LSF. Most accurate results were achieved based on obtained PoF and RL values which cause to provide more reliable results for economic planning of future inspection periods. This leads to significant cost savings and operational safety improvements. A new software package, named RALA was developed via programming in Matlab. The obtained results are in good agreement with all data gained from the practical experiments in the power plant based on the previous studies.
https://www.ije.ir/article_72124_7b18bc027f12b9629a655f45b7d07b8e.pdf
Structural reliability analysis
Failure probability
Remaining life assessment
Reheater tubes
RALA software
eng
Materials and Energy Research Center
International Journal of Engineering
1025-2495
1735-9244
2013-05-01
26
5
553
562
72125
The Effects of Pressure Difference in Nozzle’s two Phase Flow on the Quality of Exhaust Mixture
samad Jafarmadar
jafarmadars@gmail.com
1
Mechanical Engineering, Urmia University
In the most application of nozzle with gas-liquid two-phase flow, the quality of mixture in exhaust of nozzle is the most important parameter as well as the flow velocity. On the other hand, in some industrial application, such as water injection in forced induction (turbocharged or supercharged) internal combustion engine the spray quality is the main goal of designing. In this case and for improving of injection performance the air-water two phase nozzle injection flow is more remarkable subject. There are two ways for this purpose, premixed or un-premixed air-water in entrance of the nozzle. In both cases, the nozzle not only has to accelerate gas and liquid to extra high velocity, but also it is supposed to have a high quality mixture in exhaust of nozzle. In this study, the turbulent gas-liquid two-phase premixed/un-premixed flow through the nozzle is simulated by the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. The gas phase is treated as a continuum by solving the time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, while the liquid as a dispersed phase is solved by tracking a large number of droplets through the calculated flow field. The pressure, velocity and Mach number profiles as well as air flow-rates and particle residence time inside the nozzle for various back pressure values have been computed. This work has been validated by comparison of pressure profiles and air flow-rates between simulated results and available experimental results for un-premixed nozzle flow.
https://www.ije.ir/article_72125_cffc7fae23ddd2d65882ebf0d41afc2c.pdf
Compressible Flow
multi
phase flows
RANS Reynolds Averaged Navier
Stokes
Supersonic
Turbulence models
Two
premixed and un
premixed nozzle flow