Dedicating more attention to renewable energies and power electronic improvements results in increased direct current microgrids (DC MGs) application. However, DC MGs have some challenges with voltage adjustment and power sharing. To do so, a two-layer hierarchical control structure, including a new fully distributed secondary control strategy and conventional primary droop control method, is proposed and employed in this paper to share power and swiftly adjust the voltage accurately. Indeed, a distributed-averaging proportional-integral (DAPI) secondary control strategy is introduced. Another problem in DC MGs is the existence of constant power loads (CPLs), which may result in instability. To overcome the problems caused by CPLs, a term based on the output voltage of CPL is added to the proposed DAPI to prevent instability. The required control inputs are obtained using localized data of the DC bus and their neighbor’s secondary control inputs inspired by cooperative control. Besides, this strategy needs no knowledge of the microgrid topology, which enhances flexibility. For validating the proposed DAPI strategy in DC MGs, an islanded DC MG is simulated in the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Comparing the results with those obtained from another existing method proves the performance of the proposed DAPI controller under different scenarios of plug-and-play, communication failure, and load changes.
Khanalizadeh Eini M, Mirhosseini Moghadam M, Tavakoli A, Alizadeh B. Stability analysis of ac/dc microgrids in island mode. International Journal of Engineering, Transactions A: Basics. 2021;34(7):1750-65. 10.5829/IJE.2021.34.07A.20
Justo JJ, Mwasilu F, Lee J, Jung J-W. AC-microgrids versus DC-microgrids with distributed energy resources: A review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2013;24:387-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.067
Zare H, Khanalizadeh Eini M, Esmaeili A. Stabilization of Voltage and Current in the Distribution Networks using APF and TSC. International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications. 2022;35(5):1064-73. 10.5829/ije.2022.35.05b.21
Dragičević T, Lu X, Vasquez JC, Guerrero JM. DC microgrids—Part II: A review of power architectures, applications, and standardization issues. IEEE transactions on power electronics. 2015;31(5):3528-49. 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2464277
Espina E, Llanos J, Burgos-Mellado C, Cardenas-Dobson R, Martinez-Gomez M, Saez D. Distributed control strategies for microgrids: An overview. IEEE Access. 2020;8:193412-48. 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3032378
Gao F, Gu Y, Bozhko S, Asher G, Wheeler P, editors. Analysis of droop control methods in DC microgrid. 2014 16th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications; 2014: IEEE. 10.1109/EPE.2014.6910846
Liu Y, Han Y, Lin C, Yang P, Wang C, editors. Design and implementation of droop control strategy for DC microgrid based on multiple DC/DC converters. 2019 IEEE innovative smart grid technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia); 2019: IEEE. 10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2019.8881129
Dehaghania MN, Biglarahmadia M, Mousavi SM, Abdolahic M. A Distributed Cooperative Secondary Control Scheme for Obtaining Power and Voltage References of Distributed Generations in Islanded DC Microgrids. International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications. 2024;37(02):341. 10.5829/IJE.2024.37.02B.10
Meng L, Dragicevic T, Roldán-Pérez J, Vasquez JC, Guerrero JM. Modeling and sensitivity study of consensus algorithm-based distributed hierarchical control for DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2015;7(3):1504-15. 10.1109/TSG.2015.2422714
Dou C, Yue D, Zhang Z, Ma K. MAS-based distributed cooperative control for DC microgrid through switching topology communication network with time-varying delays. IEEE Systems Journal. 2017;13(1):615-24. 10.1109/JSYST.2017.2726081
Khanalizadeh Eini M, Mirhosseini Moghadam M, Tavakoli A, Alizadeh B. Stability analysis of ac/dc microgrids in island mode. International Journal of Engineering. 2021;34(7):1750-65. 10.5829/IJE.2021.34.07A.20
Mathew P, Madichetty S, Mishra S. A multilevel distributed hybrid control scheme for islanded DC microgrids. IEEE Systems Journal. 2019;13(4):4200-7. 10.1109/JSYST.2019.2896927
Biglarahmadi M, Ketabi A, Baghaee HR, Guerrero JM. Integrated nonlinear hierarchical control and management of hybrid AC/DC microgrids. IEEE Systems Journal. 2021;16(1):902-13. 10.1109/JSYST.2021.3050334
Nabian Dehaghani M, Taher SA, Dehghani Arani Z. An efficient power sharing approach in islanded hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on cooperative secondary control. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems. 2021;31(6):e12897. https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.12897
Dehaghani MN, Taher SA, Arani ZD, editors. Distributed Secondary Voltage and Current Control Scheme with Noise Nullification Ability for DC Microgrids. 2020 10th Smart Grid Conference (SGC); 2020: IEEE. 10.1109/SGC52076.2020.9335768
Li Y, Zhang Z, Dragičević T, Rodriguez J. A unified distributed cooperative control of DC microgrids using consensus protocol. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2020;12(3):1880-92. 10.1109/TSG.2020.3041378
Morstyn T, Hredzak B, Demetriades GD, Agelidis VG. Unified distributed control for DC microgrid operating modes. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2015;31(1):802-12. 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2406871
Guo F, Xu Q, Wen C, Wang L, Wang P. Distributed secondary control for power allocation and voltage restoration in islanded DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2018;9(4):1857-69. 10.1109/TSTE.2018.2816944
Sahoo S, Mishra S. A distributed finite-time secondary average voltage regulation and current sharing controller for DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2017;10(1):282-92. 10.1109/TSG.2017.2737938
Dam D-H, Lee H-H. A power distributed control method for proportional load power sharing and bus voltage restoration in a DC microgrid. IEEE transactions on industry applications. 2018;54(4):3616-25. 10.1109/TIA.2018.2815661
Xing L, Mishra Y, Guo F, Lin P, Yang Y, Ledwich G, et al. Distributed secondary control for current sharing and voltage restoration in DC microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2019;11(3):2487-97. 10.1109/TSG.2019.2956515
Schiffer J, Dörfler F, editors. On stability of a distributed averaging PI frequency and active power controlled differential-algebraic power system model. 2016 European Control Conference (ECC); 2016: IEEE. 10.1109/ECC.2016.7810500
Tegling E, Sandberg H. On the coherence of large-scale networks with distributed PI and PD control. IEEE control systems letters. 2017;1(1):170-5. 10.1109/LCSYS.2017.2711781
Andreasson M, Tegling E, Sandberg H, Johansson KH, editors. Performance and scalability of voltage controllers in multi-terminal HVDC networks. 2017 American Control Conference (ACC); 2017: IEEE. 10.23919/ACC.2017.7963412
Lee J, Kim B, Back J, editors. A distributed proportional load sharing controller for dc microgrids. 2019 10th International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE 2019-ECCE Asia); 2019: IEEE. 10.23919/ICPE2019-ECCEAsia42246.2019.8797036
AL-Nussairi MK, Bayindir R, Padmanaban S, Mihet-Popa L, Siano P. Constant power loads (cpl) with microgrids: Problem definition, stability analysis and compensation techniques. Energies. 2017;10(10):1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101656
Murtaza SA, Siddique N, Aslam J, Latif W, Wasif M, Hussain I. Improving the stability of islanded DC microgrid with constant power loads. Engineering Proceedings. 2022;12(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2021012011
Sadabadi MS, Shafiee Q. Scalable robust voltage control of DC microgrids with uncertain constant power loads. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2019;35(1):508-15. 10.1109/TPWRS.2019.2928512
Hassan MA, Su C-L, Chen F-Z, Lo K-Y. Adaptive passivity-based control of a DC–DC boost power converter supplying constant power and constant voltage loads. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2021;69(6):6204-14. 10.1109/TIE.2021.3086723
Hossain E, Perez R, Nasiri A, Padmanaban S. A comprehensive review on constant power loads compensation techniques. IEEE access. 2018;6:33285-305. 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2849065
Hassan MA, Su C-L, Pou J, Sulligoi G, Almakhles D, Bosich D, et al. DC shipboard microgrids with constant power loads: A review of advanced nonlinear control strategies and stabilization techniques. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2022;13(5):3422-38. 10.1109/TSG.2022.3168267
Huang P-H, Liu P-C, Xiao W, El Moursi MS. A novel droop-based average voltage sharing control strategy for DC microgrids. IEEE transactions on Smart Grid. 2014;6(3):1096-106. 10.1109/TSG.2014.2357179
Wu M, Lu DD-C. A novel stabilization method of LC input filter with constant power loads without load performance compromise in DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics. 2014;62(7):4552-62. 10.1109/TIE.2014.2367005
Sanchez S, Molinas M, editors. Assessment of a stability analysis tool for constant power loads in DC-grids. 2012 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE/PEMC); 2012: IEEE. 10.1109/EPEPEMC.2012.6397317
Shafiee Q, Dragicevic T, Vasquez JC, Guerrero JM, editors. Modeling, stability analysis and active stabilization of multiple DC-microgrid clusters. 2014 IEEE international energy conference (ENERGYCON); 2014: IEEE. 10.1109/ENERGYCON.2014.6850588
Lu X, Sun K, Huang L, Guerrero JM, Vasquez JC, Xing Y, editors. Virtual impedance based stability improvement for DC microgrids with constant power loads. 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE); 2014: IEEE. 10.1109/ECCE.2014.6953759
Akbarzadeh Jelodar, R., Rezvani, M., Shirazi, A. N., & Yousefi, . (2024). Hierarchical Control Strategy of Constant Power Load-based DC Micrograds using a New Distributed Averaging Proportional Integral Secondary Controller. International Journal of Engineering, 37(9), 1821-1831. doi: 10.5829/ije.2024.37.09c.12
MLA
R. Akbarzadeh Jelodar; M. Rezvani; A. N. Shirazi; B. Yousefi. "Hierarchical Control Strategy of Constant Power Load-based DC Micrograds using a New Distributed Averaging Proportional Integral Secondary Controller". International Journal of Engineering, 37, 9, 2024, 1821-1831. doi: 10.5829/ije.2024.37.09c.12
HARVARD
Akbarzadeh Jelodar, R., Rezvani, M., Shirazi, A. N., Yousefi, . (2024). 'Hierarchical Control Strategy of Constant Power Load-based DC Micrograds using a New Distributed Averaging Proportional Integral Secondary Controller', International Journal of Engineering, 37(9), pp. 1821-1831. doi: 10.5829/ije.2024.37.09c.12
VANCOUVER
Akbarzadeh Jelodar, R., Rezvani, M., Shirazi, A. N., Yousefi, . Hierarchical Control Strategy of Constant Power Load-based DC Micrograds using a New Distributed Averaging Proportional Integral Secondary Controller. International Journal of Engineering, 2024; 37(9): 1821-1831. doi: 10.5829/ije.2024.37.09c.12